出于各种限制,很多公司依然停留在Java8,部分小伙伴转向了Kotlin。Kotlin作为静态编译语言,提供大量语法糖,而且编译后的字节码跟Java一致。
当时,Java8于2014年发布,Kotlin于2016年,很多宣称的语法糖都是对比的Java8。不禁要问,相对今天的Java17,Kotlin优势还在吗?
现在就用最新的Kotlin1.9.0,对前三篇文章里的lambda、StreamAPI依次改造,实践出真知!

编写lambda、调用
Java
- import Java.util.*;
- import Java.util.function.*;
- /**
- *
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- public class Test1 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- Predicate<String> predicate = s -> s.length() == 3;
- Consumer<String> consumer = s -> System.out.println(s);
- Supplier<String> supplier = () -> "Hello Duke!";
- Function<String, Integer> function = s -> s.length();
-
- IntSupplier intSupplier = () -> 1;
- IntConsumer intConsumer = s -> System.out.println(s);
- IntPredicate intPredicate = i -> i > 10;
- ToIntFunction<String> toIntFunction = s -> s.length();
- UnaryOperator<String> unaryOperator = s -> s.toUpperCase();
-
- BiConsumer<String, Integer> biConsumer = (s, number) -> s.indexOf(number);
- ObjIntConsumer<String> objIntConsumer = (s, value) -> System.out.printf("%s,%d\n", s, value);
- BiPredicate<String, Integer> biPredicate = (word, length) -> word.length() == length;
- BiFunction<String, String, Integer> biFunction = (word, sentence) -> sentence.indexOf(word);
- ToIntBiFunction<String, String> toIntBiFunction = (word, sentence) -> sentence.indexOf(word);
-
- String a = "aaa";
-
- if (predicate.test(a)) {
- consumer.accept(a);
- supplier.get();
- function.apply(a);
-
- intConsumer.accept(1);
- intSupplier.getAsInt();
- intPredicate.test(11);
- toIntFunction.applyAsInt(a);
- unaryOperator.apply(a);
-
- biConsumer.accept(a, 2);
- objIntConsumer.accept(null, 1);
- biPredicate.test(a, 3);
- biFunction.apply("fdsa", a);
- toIntBiFunction.applyAsInt("fdsa", a);
- }
- List<String> strings = new ArrayList<>(List.of("a", "bb", "ccc"));
- strings.forEach(consumer);
- strings.removeIf(predicate);//不应该在不可变集合上调用
- System.out.println(strings);
-
- strings = Arrays.asList("a", "bb", "ccc");
- strings.replaceAll(unaryOperator);
- System.out.println(strings);
- // int i = 0;
- // Consumer<Integer> add = s -> i++;//报错,从lambda 表达式引用的本地变量必须是最终变量或实际上的最终变量
- }
- }
复制代码 Kotlin
- /**
- *
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- fun main() {
- val predicate = { s: String -> s.length == 3 }
- val consumer = { s: String? -> println(s) }
- val supplier = { "Hello Duke!" }
- val function = { s: String -> s.length }
- val intSupplier = { 1 }
- val intConsumer = { s: Int -> println(s) }
- val intPredicate = { i: Int -> i > 10 }
- val toIntFunction = { s: String -> s.length }
- val unaryOperator = { s: String -> s.uppercase() }
- val biConsumer = { s: String, number: Int -> s.indexOf(number.toChar()) }
- val objIntConsumer = { s: String?, value: Int -> println("$s,$value") }
- val biPredicate = { word: String, length: Int -> word.length == length }
- val biFunction = { word: String?, sentence: String -> sentence.indexOf(word!!) }
- val toIntBiFunction = { word: String?, sentence: String -> sentence.indexOf(word!!) }
- val a = "aaa"
- if (predicate(a)) {
- consumer(a)
- supplier()
- function(a)
- intConsumer(1)
- intSupplier()
- intPredicate(11)
- toIntFunction(a)
- unaryOperator(a)
- biConsumer(a, 2)
- objIntConsumer(null, 1)
- biPredicate(a, 3)
- biFunction("fdsa", a)
- toIntBiFunction("fdsa", a)
- }
- var strings = mutableListOf("a", "bb", "ccc")
- strings.forEach(consumer)
- strings.removeIf(predicate) //不应该在不可变集合上调用
- println(strings)
- strings = arrayListOf("a", "bb", "ccc")
- strings.replaceAll(unaryOperator)
- println(strings)
- var i = 0
- val add = { s: Int? -> i++ } //不报错
- add(i)
- println(i)
- }
复制代码 可以看出:
- Kotlin的lambda,没有那四种划分,调用时类似函数,(参数..),非常简洁
- Kotlin的lambda,可以改变外层变量的值
- Kotlin没有自己的removeIf,replaceAll,但可以直接调用Java的
- Java为原始类型准备了特别版,Kotlin默认都是原始类型
- Kotlin变量默认都是非null
这一局,Kotlin胜出。
方法引用、链接
Java
- import red.burn.bean.User;
- import Java.util.*;
- import Java.util.function.*;
- import Java.util.logging.Logger;
- /**
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- public class Test2 {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- //方法引用
- DoubleUnaryOperator sqrt = Math::sqrt;
- IntBinaryOperator max = Integer::max;//静态方法引用
- Supplier<List<String>> newListOfStrings = ArrayList::new;//构造方法引用
- Consumer<String> printer = System.out::println;//绑定到System.out
- Function<String, Integer> toLength = String::length;//非绑定,绑定到String的实例
- //Lambla的链接
- Predicate<String> isNull = Objects::isNull;
- Predicate<String> isEmpty = String::isEmpty;
- Predicate<String> isNullOrEmpty = isNull.or(isEmpty);
- Predicate<String> isNotNullNorEmpty = isNullOrEmpty.negate();
- Predicate<String> shorterThan5 = s -> s.length() < 5;
- Predicate<String> p = isNotNullNorEmpty.and(shorterThan5);
- Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("MyApplicationLogger");
- Consumer<String> log = logger::info;
- Consumer<String> printStr = System.out::println;
- Consumer<String> printAndLog = log.andThen(printStr);//
- printAndLog.accept("test");
- Function<String, Integer> function1 = String::length;
- Function<Integer, Integer> function2 = s -> ++s;
- Function<String, Integer> function = function1.andThen(function2);
- System.out.println("new=" + function.apply("abc")); //4
- Function<String, String> id = Function.identity();
- //Comparator
- Comparator<Integer> comparator = Integer::compare;
- Comparator<String> comparator1 = (s1, s2) -> Integer.compare(s1.length(), s2.length());
- Comparator<String> comparator2 = (s1, s2) -> Integer.compare(toLength.apply(s1), toLength.apply(s2));
- Comparator<String> comparator3 = Comparator.comparing(String::length);
- Comparator<User> byFirstName = Comparator.comparing(User::getFirstName);
- Comparator<User> byLastName = Comparator.comparing(User::getLastName);
- Comparator<User> byFirstNameThenLastName = byFirstName.thenComparing(byLastName)
- .thenComparingInt(User::getAge);
- Comparator<User> byFirstNameThenLastName1 = Comparator.comparingInt(User::getAge)
- .thenComparing(
- Comparator.nullsLast(Comparator.naturalOrder()));
- List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("one", "two", "three", "four", "five");
- strings.sort(comparator3.reversed());
- System.out.println(strings);
- }
- }
复制代码- import lombok.Builder;
- import lombok.Data;
- import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
- /**
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- @Data
- @Builder
- public class User implements Comparable<User> {
- private String name;
- private int age;
- private String firstName;
- private String lastName;
- @Override
- public int compareTo(User o) {
- return this.name.compareTo(o.name);
- }
- }
复制代码 Kotlin
- import Java.util.logging.Logger
- import Kotlin.math.sqrt
- import red.burn.bean.UserKT
- import Kotlin.math.max
- /**
- *
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- fun main() {
- //方法引用
- val sqrt = ::sqrt
- // val max = ::max //报错,歧义
- // val newListOfStrings = ::ArrayList //报错,歧义
- // val printer =::println //报错,歧义
- val ar = 5.run<Int, ArrayList<String>>(::ArrayList)
- "a".run(::println)
- val kt = ::UserKT //构造方法引用
- val user = kt("abc", 10)
- var (name, age) = UserKT("csc")
- val firstName = user::firstName //属性引用
- val addAge = user::addAge //函数引用
- val toLength = String::length //非绑定,绑定到String的实例
- //Lambla的链接
- val isNull = { obj: String? -> obj == null }
- val isEmpty = { obj: String -> obj.isEmpty() }
- val isNullOrEmpty = { obj: String? -> obj == null || isEmpty(obj) }
- val isNotNullNorEmpty = { obj: String? -> !isNullOrEmpty(obj) }
- val shorterThan5 = { s: String -> s.length < 5 }
- val p = { s: String -> isNotNullNorEmpty(s).and(shorterThan5(s)) }
- val logger = Logger.getLogger("MyApplicationLogger")
- val log = { message: String? -> logger.info(message) }
- val printStr = { message: String? -> println(message) }
- val printAndLog = { message: String? ->
- log(message).also { printStr(message) }
- }
- printAndLog("test")
- val function1 = String::length
- // val function2 = { s: Int -> ++s }//报错 Val cannot be reassigned
- val function2 = { s: Int ->
- var i = s;
- ++i;
- }
- val function = { s: String -> function1(s).let(function2) }
- println("new=" + function("abc")) //4
- val id = { s: String? -> s }
- //Comparator
- val comparator = { x: Int, y: Int -> (x).compareTo(y) }
- val comparator1 = { s1: String, s2: String -> s1.length.compareTo(s2.length) }
- val comparator2 = { s1: String, s2: String -> toLength(s1).compareTo(toLength(s2)) }
- val comparator3 = compareBy(String::length)
- val byFirstName = compareBy(UserKT::firstName)
- val byLastName = compareBy(UserKT::lastName)
- val byFirstNameThenLastName = byFirstName.then(byLastName).thenBy(UserKT::age)
- val byFirstNameThenLastName1 = compareBy(UserKT::age).then(nullsLast(naturalOrder()))
- val strings = arrayListOf("one", "two", "three", "four", "five")
- strings.sortWith(comparator3.reversed())
- println(strings)
- }
复制代码- /**
- *
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- data class UserKT(var name: String, var age: Int = 1) : Comparable<UserKT> {
- var firstName: String? = null
- var lastName: String? = null
- override fun compareTo(other: UserKT): Int {
- return name.compareTo(other.name)
- }
- fun printUser(s: UserKT) {
- println(s)
- }
- fun addAge(i: Int, j: Int): Int {
- return i + j
- }
- }
复制代码 可以看出:
- Kotlin的lambda,可以有类引用、函数引用、属性引用、构造引用,其中函数引用不能有歧义
- Kotlin的lambda,因为没有四种划分,缺乏Java里丰富的链接方式,不过可以自己实现
- Kotlin的lambda,无法修改自己的参数,只能读取
- Kotlin可读性比较强,Java容易看的分神
这一局,Kotlin跟Java打平。
StreamAPI
Java
- import Java.util.List;
- import Java.util.Map;
- import Java.util.function.*;
- import Java.util.stream.*;
- /**
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- public class Test3 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- //flatmap
- Function<String, Stream<Integer>> flatParser = s -> {
- try {
- return Stream.of(Integer.parseInt(s));
- } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
- }
- return Stream.empty();
- };
-
- List<String> strings = List.of("1", " ", "2", "3 ", "", "3");
- List<Integer> ints = strings.stream().flatMap(flatParser).toList();
- System.out.println("ints = " + ints);
-
- //mapMulti
- ints = strings.stream().<Integer>mapMulti((string, consumer) -> {
- try {
- consumer.accept(Integer.parseInt(string));
- } catch (NumberFormatException ignored) {
- }
- }).toList();
- System.out.println("ints = " + ints);
-
- List<Integer> ints2 = List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
- List<Integer> result = ints2.stream().skip(2).limit(5).toList();
- System.out.println("result = " + result);
-
- List<Integer> list0 = List.of(1, 2, 3);
- List<Integer> list1 = List.of(4, 5, 6);
- List<Integer> list2 = List.of(7, 8, 9);
- // 1st pattern: concat
- List<Integer> concat = Stream.concat(list0.stream(), list1.stream()).toList();
- // 2nd pattern: flatMap
- List<Integer> flatMap = Stream.of(list0.stream(), list1.stream(), list2.stream())//类似city的外层组成的流
- .flatMap(Function.identity()).toList();
- System.out.println("concat = " + concat);
- System.out.println("flatMap = " + flatMap);
-
- //reduce
- Stream<String> strings1 = Stream.of("one", "two", "three", "four");
- BinaryOperator<Integer> combiner = Integer::sum;
- Function<String, Integer> mapper = String::length;
- BiFunction<Integer, String, Integer> accumulator = (partialReduction, element) -> partialReduction + mapper.apply(element);
- int result1 = strings1.reduce(0, accumulator, combiner);
- System.out.println("sum = " + result1);
-
- //groupby map
- List<String> strings2 = List.of("two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve");
- Map<Integer, Long> histogram = strings2.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(String::length, Collectors.counting()));
- histogram.forEach((k, v) -> System.out.println(k + " :: " + v));
-
- Map<Long, List<Integer>> map = histogram.entrySet()
- .stream()
- .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Map.Entry::getValue,
- Collectors.mapping(Map.Entry::getKey, Collectors.toList())));
- Map.Entry<Long, List<Integer>> result2 = map.entrySet().stream().max(Map.Entry.comparingByKey())//再求max
- .orElseThrow();
- System.out.println("result = " + result2);
- }
- }
复制代码 Kotlin- /**
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- fun main() {
-
- //flatmap
- val flatParser = label@{ s: String ->
- try {
- return@label listOf(s.toInt())
- } catch (_: NumberFormatException) {
- }
- emptyList<Int>()
- }
- val strings = listOf("1", " ", "2", "3 ", "", "3")
- var ints = strings.flatMap(flatParser)
- println("ints = $ints")
- //mapMulti
- /*ints = strings.mapMulti { string: String, consumer: Consumer<Int?> ->
- try {
- consumer.accept(string.toInt())
- } catch (ignored: NumberFormatException) {
- }
- }
- println("ints = $ints")*/
- val ints2 = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
- val result = ints2.drop(2).take(5)
- println("result = $result")
- val list0 = listOf(1, 2, 3)
- val list1 = listOf(4, 5, 6)
- val list2 = listOf(7, 8, 9)
- // 1st pattern: concat
- val concat = list0 + list1
- // 2nd pattern: flatMap
- val flatMap = listOf(list0, list1, list2).flatten()
- println("concat = $concat")
- println("flatMap = $flatMap")
- //reduce
- val strings1 = listOf("one", "two", "three", "four")
- val mapper = String::length
- val accumulator = { partialReduction: Int, element: String -> partialReduction + mapper(element) }
- val result1 = strings1.fold(0, accumulator)
- println("sum = $result1")
- //groupby map
- val strings2 = listOf("two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve")
- val histogram: Map<Int, Int> = strings2.groupingBy { it.length }.eachCount()
- histogram.forEach({ k, v -> println("$k :: $v") })
- val map = histogram.map { it }.groupBy({ it.value }, { it.key }).maxBy { it.key }
- println(map)
- }
复制代码 可以看出:
- Kotlin的lambda,不支持multiMap,但可以自己实现
- Kotlin有运算符重载,可以对集合进行+-
- flatten简化了flatmap,fold简化了reduce,eachCount简化了分组计数
- 集合直接就是流,集合上的groupby等直接调用,不需要collect()
- 函数很多有混淆,像groupBy、groupingBy,maxBy、maxOf
- 不过中间可能有null,还需要人工判断,不如Java,Optional总不会报错
- groupBy({ it.value }, { it.key }).maxBy { it.key }这个能亮瞎
总体来说,代码量减少非常多,这局Kotlin胜出。
综合
Java
- import red.burn.bean.*;
- import Java.util.*;
- import Java.util.function.BiFunction;
- import Java.util.function.Function;
- import Java.util.stream.*;
- /**
- *
- * @author 烧哥burn.red
- */
- public class Test4 {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- Author au1 = new Author("Au1");
- Author au2 = new Author("Au2");
- Author au3 = new Author("Au3");
- Author au4 = new Author("Au4");
- Author au5 = new Author("Au5");
- Article a1 = new Article("a1", 1991, List.of(au1));
- Article a2 = new Article("a2", 1992, List.of(au1, au2));
- Article a3 = new Article("a3", 1993, List.of(au1, au3, au4));
- Article a4 = new Article("a4", 1992, List.of(au1, au2, au3, au4));
- List<Article> articles = List.of(a1, a2, a3, a4);
-
- BiFunction<Article, Author, Stream<PairOfAuthors>> buildPairOfAuthors =
- (article, firstAuthor) -> article.authors().stream().flatMap(
- secondAuthor -> PairOfAuthors.of(firstAuthor, secondAuthor).stream());//Optional的Stream
-
- Function<Article, Stream<PairOfAuthors>> toPairOfAuthors =
- article -> article.authors().stream().flatMap(firstAuthor -> buildPairOfAuthors.apply(article, firstAuthor));
- Collector<PairOfAuthors, ?, Map<PairOfAuthors, Long>> collector1 =
- Collectors.groupingBy(Function.identity(), Collectors.counting());
- // System.out.println("numberOfAuthorsTogether=" + numberOfAuthorsTogether);
- Function<Map<PairOfAuthors, Long>, Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long>> finisher1 =
- map1 -> map1.entrySet().stream().max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue()).orElseThrow();
-
- Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long> result11 =
- articles.stream().flatMap(toPairOfAuthors).collect(Collectors.collectingAndThen(collector1, finisher1));
-
- Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long> result12 =
- articles.stream().collect(Collectors.flatMapping(toPairOfAuthors, Collectors.collectingAndThen(collector1, finisher1)));
-
- //找出每年发表文章最多的两位联合作者
- Collector<Article, ?, Optional<Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long>>> flatMapping = Collectors.flatMapping(toPairOfAuthors,
- Collectors.collectingAndThen(
- collector1,
- map2 -> map2.entrySet()
- .stream()
- .max(Map.Entry.comparingByValue())));
- Map<Integer, Optional<Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long>>> result13 =
- articles.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Article::inceptionYear, flatMapping));
- Map<Integer, Map.Entry<PairOfAuthors, Long>> result14 = result13.entrySet()
- .stream()
- .flatMap(entry -> entry.getValue()
- .map(value -> Map.entry(entry.getKey(),
- value))
- .stream())
- .collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, Map.Entry::getValue));
-
- System.out.println(result11);
- System.out.println(result12);
- System.out.println(result13);
- System.out.println(result14);
- }
- }
复制代码- public record Article(String title, int inceptionYear, List<Author> authors) {
- }
- public record Author(String name) implements Comparable<Author> {
-
- public int compareTo(Author other) {
-
- return this.name.compareTo(other.name);
- }
- }
- public record PairOfAuthors(Author first, Author second) {
-
- public static Optional<PairOfAuthors> of(Author first, Author second) {
-
- if (first.compareTo(second) > 0) {
- return Optional.of(new PairOfAuthors(first, second));
- } else {
- return Optional.empty();
- }
- }
- }
复制代码 Kotlin
[code][/code]可以看出:
- 这个例子主要体现Optional跟StreamAPI的结合,Kotlin里没有Optional,所以很难写出。
这局Java胜。
最终
Kotlin以2:1微弱优势胜出。
Java用他的严谨,证明能实现从简单到复杂的各种场景。
Kotlin用它的简洁,通常情况下能减少工作量。
Kotlin还提供了委托、扩展、运算符重载、作用域函数、协程等等。
子曾经曰过”越简洁,越有坑“。想完全用Kotlin取代Java,还有一段路,目前二者可以互操作,建议同时使用。
复杂场景下,用什么语言并不是决定性的,解决方案才是。
免责声明:如果侵犯了您的权益,请联系站长,我们会及时删除侵权内容,谢谢合作! |