一、简述
MQTT(消息队列遥测传输协议),是一种基于发布/订阅(publish/subscribe)模式的通讯协议,该协议构建于TCP/IP协议上。MQTT最大优点在于,可以以极少的代码和有限的带宽,为连接长途装备提供及时可靠的消息服务。MQTT 协议的应用场景包括物联网、移动应用、车联网、智能家居、即时聊天等。
二、特性
- 利用发布/订阅消息模式。
- 对负载内容屏蔽的消息传输。
- 利用TCP/IP提供网络连接。
- 有三种消息发布服务质量:
- “至多一次”,消息发布完全依赖底层TCP/IP网络。会发生消息丢失或重复。这一级别可用于如下情况,环境传感器数据,丢失一次读记载无所谓,由于不久后还会有第二次发送。这一种方式主要平凡APP的推送,倘若你的智能装备在消息推送时未联网,推送过去充公到,再次联网也就收不到了。
- “至少一次”,确保消息到达,但消息重复可能会发生。
- “只有一次”,确保消息到达一次。在一些要求比较严酷的计费体系中,可以利用此级别。在计费体系中,消息重复或丢失会导致不正确的效果。这种最高质量的消息发布服务还可以用于即时通讯类的APP的推送,确保用户收到且只会收到一次。
- 小型传输,开销很小(固定长度的头部是2字节),协议交换最小化,以低落网络流量。
- 利用Last Will和Testament特性通知有关各方客户端异常停止的机制。
Last Will:即遗言机制,用于通知同一主题下的其他装备发送遗言的装备已经断开了连接。
Testament:遗嘱机制,功能类似于Last Will。
三、MQTT协议中的订阅、主题、会话
1.订阅(Subscription)
订阅包罗主题筛选器(Topic Filter)和最大服务质量(QoS)。订阅会与一个会话(Session)关联。一个会话可以包罗多个订阅。每一个会话中的每个订阅都有一个差别的主题筛选器。
2.会话(Session)
每个客户端与服务器建立连接后就是一个会话,客户端和服务器之间有状态交互。会话存在于一个网络之间,也可能在客户端和服务器之间超过多个一连的网络连接。
3.主题名(Topic Name)
连接到一个应用程序消息的标签,该标签与服务器的订阅相匹配。服务器会将消息发送给订阅所匹配标签的每个客户端。
4.主题筛选器(Topic Filter)
一个对主题名通配符筛选器,在订阅表达式中利用,体现订阅所匹配到的多个主题。
5.负载(Payload)
消息订阅者所具体吸收的内容。
四、MQTT协议中的方法
- Connect。等待与服务器建立连接。
- Disconnect。等待MQTT客户端完成所做的工作,并与服务器断开TCP/IP会话。
- Subscribe。等待完成订阅。
- UnSubscribe。等待服务器取消客户端的一个或多个topics订阅。
- Publish。MQTT客户端发送消息请求,发送完成后返回应用程序线程。
五、前端利用mqtt
1. mqtt服务器的部署
利用 EMQX CLOUD 进行mqtt服务的部署
EMQX Cloud: 全托管的 MQTT 消息云服务
部署教程:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Bx4y1K7hN/
利用Serverless版本每月有免费额度
2. 安装js的mqtt包
3. 前端代码
完整代码已上传至github
https://github.com/void00013/8.mqtt_vue3_test/tree/main
请自行下载依赖后运行
- // Home.vue
- <template>
- <div class="home-container">
- <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
- <div class="emq-title">
- Configuration
- </div>
- <el-form ref="configForm" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="connection">
- <el-row :gutter="20">
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="host" label="Host">
- <el-row :gutter="10">
- <el-col :span="7">
- <el-select v-model="connection.protocol" @change="handleProtocolChange">
- <el-option label="ws://" value="ws"></el-option>
- <el-option label="wss://" value="wss"></el-option>
- </el-select>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="17">
- <el-input v-model="connection.host"></el-input>
- </el-col>
- </el-row>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="port" label="Port">
- <el-input v-model.number="connection.port" type="number" placeholder="8083/8084"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="endpoint" label="Mountpoint">
- <el-input v-model="connection.endpoint" placeholder="/mqtt"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="clientId" label="Client ID">
- <el-input v-model="connection.clientId"> </el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="username" label="Username">
- <el-input v-model="connection.username"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="password" label="Password">
- <el-input v-model="connection.password"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="24">
- <el-button type="success" size="small" class="conn-btn" style="margin-right: 20px;" :disabled="client.connected" @click="createConnection" :loading="connecting">
- {{ client.connected ? 'Connected' : 'Connect' }}
- </el-button>
- <el-button v-if="client.connected" type="danger" size="small" class="conn-btn" @click="destroyConnection">
- Disconnect
- </el-button>
- </el-col>
- </el-row>
- </el-form>
- </el-card>
- <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
- <div class="emq-title">
- Subscribe
- </div>
- <el-form ref="subscription" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="subscription">
- <el-row :gutter="20">
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic">
- <el-input v-model="subscription.topic"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS">
- <el-select v-model="subscription.qos">
- <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option>
- </el-select>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" @click="doSubscribe">
- {{ subscribeSuccess ? 'Subscribed' : 'Subscribe' }}
- </el-button>
- <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" style="margin-left:20px" @click="doUnSubscribe" v-if="subscribeSuccess">
- Unsubscribe
- </el-button>
- </el-col>
- </el-row>
- </el-form>
- </el-card>
- <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
- <div class="emq-title">
- Publish
- </div>
- <el-form ref="publish" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="publish">
- <el-row :gutter="20">
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic">
- <el-input v-model="publish.topic"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="payload" label="Payload">
- <el-input v-model="publish.payload"></el-input>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- <el-col :span="8">
- <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS">
- <el-select v-model="publish.qos">
- <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option>
- </el-select>
- </el-form-item>
- </el-col>
- </el-row>
- </el-form>
- <el-col :span="24">
- <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="publish-btn" @click="doPublish">
- Publish
- </el-button>
- </el-col>
- </el-card>
- <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
- <div class="emq-title">
- Receive
- </div>
- <el-col :span="24">
- <el-input type="textarea" :rows="3" style="margin-bottom: 15px" v-model="receiveNews" readOnly></el-input>
- </el-col>
- </el-card>
- </div>
- </template>
- <script>
- import mqtt from 'mqtt'
- export default {
- name: 'Home',
- data() {
- return {
- connection: {
- protocol: 'wss',
- host: '你的mqtt服务器地址',
- // server less服务器只有两种协议:mqtts: 8883; wss: 8084
- port: 8084,
- endpoint: '/mqtt',
- clean: true,
- connectTimeout: 30 * 1000, // ms
- reconnectPeriod: 4000, // ms
- clientId: 'emqx_vue_' + Math.random().toString(16).substring(2, 8),
- // auth
- username: 'void',
- password: '123',
- },
- subscription: {
- topic: 'topic/mqttx',
- qos: 0,
- },
- publish: {
- topic: 'topic/browser',
- qos: 0,
- payload: '{ "msg": "Hello, I am browser." }',
- },
- receiveNews: '',
- qosList: [0, 1, 2],
- client: {
- connected: false,
- },
- subscribeSuccess: false,
- connecting: false,
- retryTimes: 0,
- }
- },
- methods: {
- initData() {
- this.client = {
- connected: false,
- }
- this.retryTimes = 0
- this.connecting = false
- this.subscribeSuccess = false
- },
- handleOnReConnect() {
- this.retryTimes += 1
- if (this.retryTimes > 5) {
- try {
- this.client.end()
- this.initData()
- this.$message.error('Connection maxReconnectTimes limit, stop retry')
- } catch (error) {
- this.$message.error(error.toString())
- }
- }
- },
- createConnection() {
- try {
- this.connecting = true
- const { protocol, host, port, endpoint, ...options } = this.connection
- const connectUrl = `${protocol}://${host}:${port}${endpoint}`
- this.client = mqtt.connect(connectUrl, options)
- if (this.client.on) {
- this.client.on('connect', () => {
- this.connecting = false
- console.log('Connection succeeded!')
- })
- this.client.on('reconnect', this.handleOnReConnect)
- this.client.on('error', (error) => {
- console.log('Connection failed', error)
- })
- this.client.on('message', (topic, message) => {
- this.receiveNews = this.receiveNews.concat(message)
- console.log(`Received message ${message} from topic ${topic}`)
- })
- }
- } catch (error) {
- this.connecting = false
- console.log('mqtt.connect error', error)
- }
- },
- // subscribe topic
- doSubscribe() {
- const { topic, qos } = this.subscription
- this.client.subscribe(topic, { qos }, (error, res) => {
- if (error) {
- console.log('Subscribe to topics error', error)
- return
- }
- this.subscribeSuccess = true
- console.log('Subscribe to topics res', res)
- })
- },
- // unsubscribe topic
- doUnSubscribe() {
- const { topic } = this.subscription
- this.client.unsubscribe(topic, (error) => {
- if (error) {
- console.log('Unsubscribe error', error)
- }
- })
- },
- // publish message
- doPublish() {
- const { topic, qos, payload } = this.publish
- this.client.publish(topic, payload, { qos }, (error) => {
- if (error) {
- console.log('Publish error', error)
- }
- })
- },
- // disconnect
- destroyConnection() {
- if (this.client.connected) {
- try {
- this.client.end(false, () => {
- this.initData()
- console.log('Successfully disconnected!')
- })
- } catch (error) {
- console.log('Disconnect failed', error.toString())
- }
- }
- },
- handleProtocolChange(value) {
- this.connection.port = value === 'wss' ? '8084' : '8083'
- },
- },
- }
- </script>
- <style lang="scss">
- @import url('../assets/style/home.scss');
- .home-container {
- max-width: 1100px;
- margin: 0 auto;
- .conn-btn {
- color: #fff;
- background-color: #00b173;
- font-size: 14px;
- }
- .publish-btn {
- margin-bottom: 20px;
- float: right;
- }
- .el-button--success {
- background-color: #34c388 !important;
- border-color: #34c388 !important;
- font-size: 14px !important;
- }
- .el-button--danger {
- background-color: #f5222d !important;
- border-color: #f5222d !important;
- }
- .el-form-item {
- &.is-error {
- .el-input__inner,
- .el-textarea__inner {
- box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(245, 34, 45, 0.2);
- }
- }
- &.is-success {
- .el-input__inner,
- .el-textarea__inner {
- border-color: #34c388 !important;
- }
- }
- }
- }
- </style>
复制代码- // home.scss
- body {
- background-color: #f0f2f5;
- padding: 0;
- margin: 0;
- color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);
- font-size: 14px;
- font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei,
- Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol;
- }
- .emq-title {
- font-size: 16px;
- color: #333333;
- font-weight: bolder;
- margin-bottom: 15px;
- &.h3 {
- font-size: 14px;
- }
- &[size='small'] {
- font-size: 14px;
- }
- .sub-title {
- font-weight: normal;
- display: block;
- font-size: 12px;
- color: #8f9297;
- margin-top: 12px;
- }
- &.required-title {
- &:before {
- content: '*';
- color: #f5222d;
- margin-right: 4px;
- }
- }
- }
- .el-select {
- width: 100%;
- }
- .subscribe-btn {
- margin-top: 42px !important;
- }
- .publish-btn {
- margin-bottom: 30px;
- }
复制代码 4. EMQX官方示例
官方提供了vue、react、java、python等各种语言的代码案例,如有必要请自行查察
https://github.com/emqx/MQTT-Client-Examples/tree/master
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