2025春招，Spring 面试题汇总

大家好，我是 V 哥。2025年金三银四春招马上进入白热化，兄弟们在即将到来的假期，除了吃喝欢乐过新年，想年后跳槽升职的兄弟也要做好充分的准备，要相信，机会永久只留给有准备的人。以下是一份2025年春招Spring面试题汇总，送给大家，关于 Java 基础相干的请移步 V 哥上一篇文章《【长文收藏】2025备战金三银四 Java 大厂面试题》：
Spring 基础部分

一、Spring基础
1. 什么是Spring框架？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring是一个轻量级的开源Java开发框架，为开发Java企业级应用提供了全面的基础设施支持。它重要解决了企业级开发中的复杂性，如依赖注入（DI）、面向切面编程（AOP）、事务管理等，使得开发者可以更专注于业务逻辑的实现。
    
  • Spring的焦点特性包括：
    
    
    
    • 控制反转（IOC）：将对象的创建和管理控制权从开发者转移到Spring容器，通过配置或注解的方式让Spring容器来创建和管理对象，降低了对象之间的耦合度。
      
    • 依赖注入（DI）：是IOC的一种实现方式，通过构造函数、setter方法或字段注入等方式将依赖对象注入到必要它们的对象中。
      
    • 面向切面编程（AOP）：允许在不修改源代码的环境下添加额外的举动，如日志记录、事务管理等，将横切关注点从业务逻辑中分离出来，进步代码的模块化和可维护性。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 请解释Spring中的IOC容器。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring IOC容器是Spring框架的焦点，它负责管理对象的创建、配置和生命周期。它可以根据配置元数据（如XML配置文件、Java配置类或注解）来创建和组装对象，并将它们注入到必要的地方。
    
  • 常见的IOC容器实现：
    
    
    
    • BeanFactory：Spring最基本的IOC容器，提供了基本的依赖注入功能。
      
    • ApplicationContext：是BeanFactory的子接口，提供了更多高级功能，如国际化支持、事件发布、资源加载等。
      
    
    
  
  

3. 怎样在Spring中配置一个Bean？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用XML配置：
    1. <beans>
    2. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    3. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    4. <bean id="messageSource" >
    5. <beans>
    6.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    7. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    8. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    9. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    10. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    11. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    12. <bean id="messageSource" >
    13. <beans>
    14.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    15. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    16. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    17. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    18. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    19. <bean id="messageSource" >
    20. <beans>
    21.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    22. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    23. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    24. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    25. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    26. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    27. <bean id="messageSource" >
    28. <beans>
    29.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    30. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    31. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    32. </bean></bean>
    33. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    34. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    35. <bean id="messageSource" >
    36. <beans>
    37.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    38. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    39. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    40. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    41. </beans>

    复制代码
  • 利用Java配置类：
    1. import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    2. import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    3. @Configuration
    4. public class AppConfig {
    5. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    6. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    7. <bean id="messageSource" >
    8. <beans>
    9.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    10. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    11. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    12. </bean>@Bean
    13. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    14. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    15. <bean id="messageSource" >
    16. <beans>
    17.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    18. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    19. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    20. </bean>public UserService userService() {
    21. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    22. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    23. <bean id="messageSource" >
    24. <beans>
    25.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    26. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    27. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    28. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    29. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    30. <bean id="messageSource" >
    31. <beans>
    32.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    33. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    34. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    35. </bean>UserService userService = new UserService();
    36. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>userService.setUserRepository(userRepository());
    51. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    52. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    53. <bean id="messageSource" >
    54. <beans>
    55.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    56. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    57. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    58. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    59. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    60. <bean id="messageSource" >
    61. <beans>
    62.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    63. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    64. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    65. </bean>return userService;
    66. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    67. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    68. <bean id="messageSource" >
    69. <beans>
    70.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    71. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    72. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    73. </bean>}
    74. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    75. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    76. <bean id="messageSource" >
    77. <beans>
    78.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    79. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    80. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    81. </bean>@Bean
    82. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    83. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    84. <bean id="messageSource" >
    85. <beans>
    86.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    87. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    88. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    89. </bean>public UserRepository userRepository() {
    90. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    91. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    92. <bean id="messageSource" >
    93. <beans>
    94.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    95. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    96. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    97. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    98. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    99. <bean id="messageSource" >
    100. <beans>
    101.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    102. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    103. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    104. </bean>return new UserRepository();
    105. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    106. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    107. <bean id="messageSource" >
    108. <beans>
    109.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    110. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    111. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    112. </bean>}
    113. }

    复制代码
  • 利用注解：
    1. import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
    2. import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    3. @Service
    4. public class UserService {
    5. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    6. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    7. <bean id="messageSource" >
    8. <beans>
    9.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    10. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    11. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    12. </bean>@Autowired
    13. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    14. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    15. <bean id="messageSource" >
    16. <beans>
    17.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    18. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    19. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    20. </bean>private UserRepository userRepository;
    21. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    22. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    23. <bean id="messageSource" >
    24. <beans>
    25.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    26. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    27. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    28. </bean>// 业务逻辑
    29. }

    复制代码
  
  

二、Spring AOP
1. 请解释Spring AOP中的切面（Aspect）、通知（Advice）和切点（Pointcut）。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 切面（Aspect）：是一个模块化的单元，将横切关注点封装起来，包含了通知和切点。可以将其视为一个包含了额外举动（如日志记录、事务管理）的类。
    
  • 通知（Advice）：是切面在切点上实行的操作，重要有以下几种类型：
    
    
    
    • 前置通知（Before advice）：在目标方法实行前实行。
      
    • 后置通知（After advice）：在目标方法实行后实行。
      
    • 围绕通知（Around advice）：在目标方法实行前后都可以实行，而且可以控制方法的实行。
      
    • 非常通知（AfterThrowing advice）：在目标方法抛出非常时实行。
      
    • 返回通知（AfterReturning advice）：在目标方法正常返回时实行。
      
    
    
  • 切点（Pointcut）：是一个表达式，用于定义在哪些连接点（Join Point）上实行通知，连接点可以是方法的调用、实行等。例如：execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))表示在com.example.service包下的全部类的全部方法上实行通知。
    
  
  

2. 怎样实现Spring AOP？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用XML配置：
    1. <beans>
    2. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    3. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    4. <bean id="messageSource" >
    5. <beans>
    6.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    7. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    8. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    9. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    10. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    11. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    12. <bean id="messageSource" >
    13. <beans>
    14.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    15. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    16. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    17. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    18. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    19. <bean id="messageSource" >
    20. <beans>
    21.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    22. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    23. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    24. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    25. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    26. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    27. <bean id="messageSource" >
    28. <beans>
    29.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    30. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    31. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    32. </bean></bean>
    33. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    34. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    35. <bean id="messageSource" >
    36. <beans>
    37.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    38. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    39. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    40. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    41. </beans><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    42. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    43. <bean id="messageSource" >
    44. <beans>
    45.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    46. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    47. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    48. </bean>

    复制代码
  • 利用注解：
    1. import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
    2. import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
    3. import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;
    4. @Aspect
    5. public class LoggingAspect {
    6. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    7. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    8. <bean id="messageSource" >
    9. <beans>
    10.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    11. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    12. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    13. </bean>@Pointcut("execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))")
    14. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    15. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    16. <bean id="messageSource" >
    17. <beans>
    18.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    19. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    20. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    21. </bean>public void servicePointcut() {}
    22. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>@Before("servicePointcut()")
    30. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    31. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    32. <bean id="messageSource" >
    33. <beans>
    34.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    35. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    36. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    37. </bean>public void beforeMethod() {
    38. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    39. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    40. <bean id="messageSource" >
    41. <beans>
    42.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    43. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    44. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    45. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    46. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    47. <bean id="messageSource" >
    48. <beans>
    49.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    50. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    51. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    52. </bean>System.out.println("Before method execution");
    53. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    54. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    55. <bean id="messageSource" >
    56. <beans>
    57.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    58. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    59. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    60. </bean>}
    61. }

    复制代码
  
  

三、Spring 事务管理
1. 请解释Spring中的事务管理。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring事务管理是一种机制，用于确保数据库操作的一致性和完整性。它可以将多个数据库操作封装在一个事务中，如果事务中的任何操作失败，全部操作都会回滚，保证数据的一致性。
    
  • Spring支持编程式事务管理和声明式事务管理：
    
    
    
    • 编程式事务管理：在代码中显式地控制事务的开始、提交和回滚。
      
    • 声明式事务管理：通过配置或注解将事务管理从业务逻辑中分离出来，更简洁，通常利用@Transactional注解。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样利用Spring的声明式事务管理？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用XML配置：
    1. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>

    复制代码
  • 利用注解：
    1. import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;@Service@Transactionalpublic class UserService {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>// 业务逻辑}

    复制代码
  
  

四、Spring 与数据库
1. 请解释Spring JDBC。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring JDBC是Spring框架对JDBC的封装，提供了更简洁、方便的方式来实行SQL操作，避免了大量的样板代码，如连接的获取、关闭，效果集的处置惩罚等。
    
  • 例如：
    1. import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;public class UserDao {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public UserDao(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>public void addUser(String name) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean>String sql = "INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)";<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean>jdbcTemplate.update(sql, name);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

2. 怎样利用Spring Data JPA？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring Data JPA是Spring对JPA（Java Persistence API）的支持，它简化了数据访问层的开发。
    
  • 例如：
    1. import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>User findByName(String name);}

    复制代码
  
  

五、Spring MVC
1. 请解释Spring MVC的工作原理。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring MVC是一个基于Java的实现了Model-View-Controller（MVC）设计模式的框架，用于构建Web应用程序。
    
  • 工作原理：
    
    
    
    • 客户端发送请求到DispatcherServlet，它是Spring MVC的前端控制器。
      
    • DispatcherServlet将请求发送到相应的HandlerMapping，根据请求的URL查找对应的Handler（Controller）。
      
    • HandlerAdapter调用相应的Controller方法，处置惩罚请求并返回一个ModelAndView对象。
      
    • ViewResolver根据ModelAndView中的信息查找并渲染相应的视图。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring MVC中实现一个简朴的控制器？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用注解：
    1. import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;@Controllerpublic class HelloWorldController {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET)<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>@ResponseBody<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public String hello() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>return "Hello, World!";<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

六、Spring Boot
1. 请解释Spring Boot的重要特点。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring Boot是Spring框架的一个扩展，旨在简化Spring应用的开发和部署，重要特点包括：
    
    
    
    • 自动配置：根据类路径中的依赖自动配置Spring应用，淘汰了大量的配置文件。
      
    • 起步依赖（Starter dependencies）：将常用的依赖打包在一起，方便引入，避免了依赖冲突和版本管理的问题。
      
    • 嵌入式容器：可以将应用程序和服务器（如Tomcat、Jetty）打包成一个可实行的JAR文件，方便部署。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样创建一个Spring Boot应用程序？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以利用Spring Initializr（https://start.spring.io/）创建一个Spring Boot项目，或者在IDE中利用Spring Boot的项目创建向导。
    
  • 例如，一个简朴的Spring Boot应用：
    1. import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplicationpublic class MySpringBootApp {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>public static void main(String[] args) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>SpringApplication.run(MySpringBootApp.class, args);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

七、Spring Security
1. 请解释Spring Security的作用。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring Security是Spring提供的一个安全框架，用于保护Spring应用程序的安全，提供了认证、授权、防止CSRF攻击等功能。
    
  • 它可以轻松地集成到Spring应用中，确保只有经过授权的用户才能访问特定的资源。
    
  
  

2. 怎样配置Spring Security的基本认证？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用Java配置：
    1. import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;@Configuration@EnableWebSecuritypublic class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>protected void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>auth.inMemoryAuthentication()<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>  .withUser("user").password("{noop}password").roles("USER");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

八、Spring 与微服务
1. 请解释Spring Cloud及其重要组件。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring Cloud是构建分布式系统和微服务架构的工具集，提供了一系列的组件来解决微服务中的常见问题。
    
  • 重要组件包括：
    
    
    
    • Eureka：服务注册和发现，允许服务注册本身并发现其他服务。
      
    • Ribbon：客户端负载均衡，将请求分配到多个服务实例。
      
    • Feign：声明式REST客户端，简化了服务间的调用。
      
    • Hystrix：断路器，防止服务雪崩，当服务不可用时提供降级和容错机制。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样利用Spring Cloud实现服务注册和发现？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用Eureka：
    
    
    
    • 服务端（Eureka Server）：
      1. import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.server.EnableEurekaServer;@SpringBootApplication@EnableEurekaServerpublic class EurekaServerApplication {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>public static void main(String[] args) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      10. <bean id="messageSource" >
      11. <beans>
      12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      15. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      17. <bean id="messageSource" >
      18. <beans>
      19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      22. </bean>SpringApplication.run(EurekaServerApplication.class, args);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      24. <bean id="messageSource" >
      25. <beans>
      26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      29. </bean>}}

      复制代码
    • 客户端（Eureka Client）：
      1. import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.client.EnableEurekaClient;@SpringBootApplication@EnableEurekaClientpublic class EurekaClientApplication {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>public static void main(String[] args) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      10. <bean id="messageSource" >
      11. <beans>
      12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      15. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      17. <bean id="messageSource" >
      18. <beans>
      19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      22. </bean>SpringApplication.run(EurekaClientApplication.class, args);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      24. <bean id="messageSource" >
      25. <beans>
      26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      29. </bean>}}

      复制代码
    
    
  
  

九、Spring 测试
1. 怎样利用Spring Test进行单元测试和集成测试？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 单元测试：
    1. import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebMvcTest;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.get;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.content;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;@WebMvcTest(HelloWorldController.class)public class HelloWorldControllerTest {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Autowired<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>private MockMvc mockMvc;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>@Test<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>public void testHello() throws Exception {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>mockMvc.perform(get("/hello"))<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>  .andExpect(status().isOk())<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean>  .andExpect(content().string("Hello, World!"));<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    87. <bean id="messageSource" >
    88. <beans>
    89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    92. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 集成测试：
    1. import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;@SpringBootTestpublic class UserServiceIntegrationTest {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Autowired<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>private UserService userService;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>@Test<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>public void testAddUser() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>// 测试逻辑<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

十、Spring 生态和其他
1. 请解释Spring中的事件（Event）机制。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring事件机制允许组件之间进行松耦合的通信，一个组件可以发布事件，其他组件可以监听并处置惩罚这些事件。
    
  • 例如：
    1. import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisher;import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEventPublisherAware;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserService implements ApplicationEventPublisherAware {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>private ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public void setApplicationEventPublisher(ApplicationEventPublisher eventPublisher) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>this.eventPublisher = eventPublisher;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>public void addUser(String name) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>// 业务逻辑<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean>eventPublisher.publishEvent(new UserAddedEvent(this, name));<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring中实现国际化（i18n）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用资源文件：
    
    
    
    • 创建资源文件（如messages.properties、messages_zh_CN.properties）。
      
    • 在Spring配置中启用国际化：
      1. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>

      复制代码
    
    
  
  

以上面试题涵盖了Spring框架的各个方面，从基础概念到高级应用，以及与其他Spring相干技术的集成。在准备2025年春招时，除了把握这些知识点，还必要对Spring框架的现实应用有深入的理解和实践经验，将理论知识与现实项目结合起来，展现本身解决问题的能力和开发经验。
Spring 高级部分

以下是Spring面试题的高级部分：
一、Spring高级配置与扩展
1. 怎样自定义Spring Bean的生命周期方法？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以利用以下几种方法自定义Spring Bean的生命周期方法：
    
    
    
    • 实现InitializingBean和DisposableBean接口：
      1. import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class CustomBean implements InitializingBean, DisposableBean {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      10. <bean id="messageSource" >
      11. <beans>
      12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      15. </bean>public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      17. <bean id="messageSource" >
      18. <beans>
      19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      24. <bean id="messageSource" >
      25. <beans>
      26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      29. </bean>// 初始化方法，在Bean的属性设置完成后调用<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      31. <bean id="messageSource" >
      32. <beans>
      33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      38. <bean id="messageSource" >
      39. <beans>
      40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      43. </bean>System.out.println("CustomBean is initialized.");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      45. <bean id="messageSource" >
      46. <beans>
      47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      50. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      52. <bean id="messageSource" >
      53. <beans>
      54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      57. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      59. <bean id="messageSource" >
      60. <beans>
      61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      64. </bean>public void destroy() throws Exception {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      66. <bean id="messageSource" >
      67. <beans>
      68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      73. <bean id="messageSource" >
      74. <beans>
      75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      78. </bean>// 烧毁方法，在Bean烧毁时调用<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      80. <bean id="messageSource" >
      81. <beans>
      82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      85. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      87. <bean id="messageSource" >
      88. <beans>
      89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      92. </bean>System.out.println("CustomBean is destroyed.");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      93. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      94. <bean id="messageSource" >
      95. <beans>
      96.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      97. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      98. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      99. </bean>}}

      复制代码
    • 利用@PostConstruct和@PreDestroy注解：
      1. import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;import javax.annotation.PreDestroy;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class CustomBean {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>@PostConstruct<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      10. <bean id="messageSource" >
      11. <beans>
      12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      15. </bean>public void init() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      17. <bean id="messageSource" >
      18. <beans>
      19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      24. <bean id="messageSource" >
      25. <beans>
      26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      29. </bean>// 初始化方法，在Bean的属性设置完成后调用<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      31. <bean id="messageSource" >
      32. <beans>
      33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      38. <bean id="messageSource" >
      39. <beans>
      40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      43. </bean>System.out.println("CustomBean is initialized.");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      45. <bean id="messageSource" >
      46. <beans>
      47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      50. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      52. <bean id="messageSource" >
      53. <beans>
      54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      57. </bean>@PreDestroy<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      59. <bean id="messageSource" >
      60. <beans>
      61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      64. </bean>public void destroy() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      66. <bean id="messageSource" >
      67. <beans>
      68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      73. <bean id="messageSource" >
      74. <beans>
      75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      78. </bean>// 烧毁方法，在Bean烧毁时调用<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      80. <bean id="messageSource" >
      81. <beans>
      82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      85. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      87. <bean id="messageSource" >
      88. <beans>
      89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      92. </bean>System.out.println("CustomBean is destroyed.");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      93. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      94. <bean id="messageSource" >
      95. <beans>
      96.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      97. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      98. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      99. </bean>}}

      复制代码
    • 利用XML配置的init-method和destroy-method：
      1. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>

      复制代码
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring中实现条件化的Bean创建？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用@Conditional注解：
    1. import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Conditional;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;@Configurationpublic class ConditionalBeanConfig {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>@Conditional(MyCondition.class)<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public MyBean myBean() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>return new MyBean();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • MyCondition是一个实现了Condition接口的类，用于判断是否满意创建Bean的条件：
    1. import org.springframework.context.annotation.Condition;import org.springframework.context.annotation.ConditionContext;import org.springframework.core.type.AnnotatedTypeMetadata;public class MyCondition implements Condition {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>// 可以根据环境变量、系统属性等条件来判断是否创建Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>return true;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

3. 怎样在Spring中扩展BeanFactoryPostProcessor和BeanPostProcessor？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • BeanFactoryPostProcessor：
    
    
    
    • 可以在Bean实例化之前修改Bean的定义，例如修改Bean的属性值。
      
    1. import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor;import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.ConfigurableListableBeanFactory;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class MyBeanFactoryPostProcessor implements BeanFactoryPostProcessor {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public void postProcessBeanFactory(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory) throws BeansException {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>// 可以修改BeanFactory中的Bean定义<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • BeanPostProcessor：
    
    
    
    • 可以在Bean实例化之后，初始化之前和初始化之后对Bean进行处置惩罚，例如对Bean进行包装或添加额外的属性。
      
    1. import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class MyBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>// 在Bean初始化之前处置惩罚<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>return bean;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean>@Override<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean>// 在Bean初始化之后处置惩罚<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    87. <bean id="messageSource" >
    88. <beans>
    89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    92. </bean>return bean;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    93. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    94. <bean id="messageSource" >
    95. <beans>
    96.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    97. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    98. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    99. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

二、Spring AOP高级话题
1. 怎样实现自定义的切入点表达式？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以利用AspectJ的切入点表达式语言，或者实现Pointcut接口：
    1. import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;import org.aspectj.lang.reflect.MethodSignature;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;import java.lang.reflect.Method;@Aspect@Componentpublic class CustomAspect {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Pointcut("execution(* *(..)) && @annotation(MyAnnotation)")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public void customPointcut() {}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>@Before("customPointcut()")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>public void beforeMethod() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>// 自定义切入点逻辑<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 这里利用了自定义注解@MyAnnotation来定义切入点，而且可以根据必要自定义注解：
    1. import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
    2. import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
    3. import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
    4. import java.lang.annotation.Target;
    5. @Target(ElementType.METHOD)
    6. @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    7. public class MyAnnotation {
    8. }

    复制代码
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring AOP中传递参数给通知（Advice）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以利用args关键字传递参数：
    1. import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Aspect@Componentpublic class ParameterAspect {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Pointcut("execution(* *(..)) && args(param)")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public void parameterPointcut(String param) {}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>@Before("parameterPointcut(param)")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>public void beforeMethod(String param) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>// 利用参数<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean>System.out.println("Parameter: " + param);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

三、Spring事务高级话题
1. 怎样处置惩罚嵌套事务？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring支持多种事务传播举动，可以利用@Transactional注解的propagation属性来设置：
    1. import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class NestedTransactionService {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRED)<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public void outerMethod() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>// 外层事务方法<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>innerMethod();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean>@Transactional(propagation = Propagation.NESTED)<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>public void innerMethod() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean>// 内层事务方法，可以作为外层事务的嵌套事务<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 常见的事务传播举动：
    
    
    
    • REQUIRED：如果当前存在事务，则加入该事务，否则创建一个新事务。
      
    • NESTED：如果当前存在事务，则作为嵌套事务实行，否则创建一个新事务。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring中实现分布式事务？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以利用以下几种方法实现分布式事务：
    
    
    
    • JTA（Java Transaction API）：利用全局事务管理器，适用于多数据源或多资源的事务管理。
      
    • 分布式事务中间件，如Atomikos、Bitronix等：
      1. import javax.transaction.TransactionManager;import javax.transaction.UserTransaction;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.transaction.jta.JtaTransactionManager;import com.atomikos.icatch.jta.UserTransactionImp;import com.atomikos.icatch.jta.UserTransactionManager;@Configurationpublic class DistributedTransactionConfig {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      3. <bean id="messageSource" >
      4. <beans>
      5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      8. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      10. <bean id="messageSource" >
      11. <beans>
      12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      15. </bean>public UserTransaction userTransaction() throws Throwable {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      17. <bean id="messageSource" >
      18. <beans>
      19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      24. <bean id="messageSource" >
      25. <beans>
      26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      29. </bean>UserTransactionImp userTransactionImp = new UserTransactionImp();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      31. <bean id="messageSource" >
      32. <beans>
      33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      38. <bean id="messageSource" >
      39. <beans>
      40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      43. </bean>userTransactionImp.setTransactionTimeout(300);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      45. <bean id="messageSource" >
      46. <beans>
      47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      50. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      52. <bean id="messageSource" >
      53. <beans>
      54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      57. </bean>return userTransactionImp;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      59. <bean id="messageSource" >
      60. <beans>
      61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      64. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      66. <bean id="messageSource" >
      67. <beans>
      68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      71. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      73. <bean id="messageSource" >
      74. <beans>
      75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      78. </bean>public TransactionManager atomikosTransactionManager() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      80. <bean id="messageSource" >
      81. <beans>
      82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      85. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      87. <bean id="messageSource" >
      88. <beans>
      89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      92. </bean>return new UserTransactionManager();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      93. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      94. <bean id="messageSource" >
      95. <beans>
      96.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      97. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      98. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      99. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      100. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      101. <bean id="messageSource" >
      102. <beans>
      103.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      104. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      105. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      106. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      107. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      108. <bean id="messageSource" >
      109. <beans>
      110.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      111. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      112. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      113. </bean>public JtaTransactionManager transactionManager() throws Throwable {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      114. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      115. <bean id="messageSource" >
      116. <beans>
      117.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      118. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      119. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      120. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      121. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      122. <bean id="messageSource" >
      123. <beans>
      124.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      125. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      126. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      127. </bean>JtaTransactionManager transactionManager = new JtaTransactionManager();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      128. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      129. <bean id="messageSource" >
      130. <beans>
      131.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      132. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      133. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      134. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      135. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      136. <bean id="messageSource" >
      137. <beans>
      138.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      139. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      140. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      141. </bean>transactionManager.setTransactionManager(atomikosTransactionManager());<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      142. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      143. <bean id="messageSource" >
      144. <beans>
      145.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      146. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      147. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      148. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      149. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      150. <bean id="messageSource" >
      151. <beans>
      152.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      153. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      154. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      155. </bean>transactionManager.setUserTransaction(userTransaction());<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      156. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      157. <bean id="messageSource" >
      158. <beans>
      159.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      160. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      161. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      162. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      163. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      164. <bean id="messageSource" >
      165. <beans>
      166.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      167. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      168. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      169. </bean>return transactionManager;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
      170. <bean id="transactionManager" >
      171. <bean id="messageSource" >
      172. <beans>
      173.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
      174. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
      175. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
      176. </bean>}}

      复制代码
    
    
  
  

四、Spring 与分布式系统
1. 怎样利用Spring Cloud实现服务间的负载均衡？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用Spring Cloud Ribbon：
    1. import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;@Configurationpublic class RibbonConfig {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>@LoadBalanced<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public RestTemplate restTemplate() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>return new RestTemplate();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 在服务调用时利用RestTemplate：
    1. import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;@RestControllerpublic class ServiceConsumerController {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Autowired<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>private RestTemplate restTemplate;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>@GetMapping("/callService")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>public String callService() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>return restTemplate.getForObject("http://service-provider/hello", String.class);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

2. 怎样利用Spring Cloud实现断路器模式（Hystrix）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 利用@HystrixCommand注解：
    1. import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestControllerpublic class ServiceConsumerController {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>@GetMapping("/callService")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public String callService() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>// 服务调用逻辑<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    44. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    45. <bean id="messageSource" >
    46. <beans>
    47.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    48. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    49. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    50. </bean>public String fallbackMethod() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    51. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    52. <bean id="messageSource" >
    53. <beans>
    54.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    55. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    56. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    57. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    58. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    59. <bean id="messageSource" >
    60. <beans>
    61.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    62. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    63. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    64. </bean>// 降级逻辑<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    65. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    66. <bean id="messageSource" >
    67. <beans>
    68.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    69. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    70. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    71. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    72. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    73. <bean id="messageSource" >
    74. <beans>
    75.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    76. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    77. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    78. </bean>return "Service is down. Please try again later.";<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

五、Spring 与消息队列
1. 怎样在Spring中集成消息队列（如RabbitMQ）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 首先，添加RabbitMQ依赖：
    1. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>org.springframework.boot<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>spring-boot-starter-amqp

    复制代码
  • 配置RabbitMQ：
    1. import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configurationpublic class RabbitMQConfig {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public Queue queue() {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>return new Queue("myQueue");<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 发送消息：
    1. import org.springframework.amqp.core.AmqpTemplate;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class MessageSender {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Autowired<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>private AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>public void sendMessage(String message) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>amqpTemplate.convertAndSend("myQueue", message);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    37. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    38. <bean id="messageSource" >
    39. <beans>
    40.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    41. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    42. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    43. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 接收消息：
    1. import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;@Componentpublic class MessageReceiver {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@RabbitListener(queues = "myQueue")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public void receiveMessage(String message) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>System.out.println("Received message: " + message);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

六、Spring 性能优化
1. 怎样优化Spring应用的启动时间？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以从以下几个方面优化Spring应用的启动时间：
    
    
    
    • 淘汰自动配置：排除不必要的自动配置，利用exclude属性。
      
    1. import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;@SpringBootApplication(exclude = {DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class})public class MySpringBootApp {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>public static void main(String[] args) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>SpringApplication.run(MySpringBootApp.class, args);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>}}

    复制代码
    
    
    • 优化依赖注入：避免复杂的构造函数注入，利用@Lazy注解延长加载非关键的Bean。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样优化Spring应用的内存利用？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 可以思量以下几点：
    
    
    
    • 公道利用缓存：利用Spring Cache抽象，如利用Redis作为缓存存储。
      
    1. import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;@Servicepublic class UserService {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Cacheable("users")<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public User getUserById(Long id) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>// 从数据库获取用户信息<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    30. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    31. <bean id="messageSource" >
    32. <beans>
    33.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    34. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    35. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    36. </bean>}}

    复制代码
    
    
    • 优化Bean的作用域：利用@Scope注解调整Bean的作用域，避免不必要的Bean创建。
      
    
    
  
  

七、Spring 框架深度剖析
1. 请解释Spring的设计模式和原则。

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring大量利用了设计模式，例如：
    
    
    
    • 工厂模式：BeanFactory和ApplicationContext利用工厂模式创建Bean。
      
    • 代理模式：在AOP中利用代理模式实现切面逻辑。
      
    • 单例模式：默认环境下，Spring的Bean是单例模式，确保一个Bean只有一个实例。
      
    • 模板模式：如JdbcTemplate、JmsTemplate等模板类，将通用逻辑封装，让开发者专注于业务逻辑。
      
    
    
  
  

2. 怎样深入理解Spring的自动配置原理？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • Spring Boot的自动配置基于@Conditional注解和AutoConfiguration类。Spring Boot会根据类路径下的依赖和配置条件自动配置Spring应用。
    
  • 焦点类包括：
    
    
    
    • @SpringBootApplication：组合了多个注解，包括@EnableAutoConfiguration。
      
    • @EnableAutoConfiguration：启用自动配置，通过AutoConfigurationImportSelector导入自动配置类。
      
    
    
  
  

八、Spring 与微服务架构的高级实践
1. 怎样实现服务网关（Spring Cloud Gateway）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 首先，添加Spring Cloud Gateway依赖：
    1. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>org.springframework.cloud<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>spring-cloud-starter-gateway

    复制代码
  • 配置服务网关：
    1. import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.RouteLocator;import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.route.builder.RouteLocatorBuilder;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configurationpublic class GatewayConfig {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>@Bean<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>public RouteLocator customRouteLocator(RouteLocatorBuilder builder) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>return builder.routes()<beans>
    30. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    31. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    32. <bean id="messageSource" >
    33. <beans>
    34.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    35. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    36. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    37. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    38. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    39. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    40. <bean id="messageSource" >
    41. <beans>
    42.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    43. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    44. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    45. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    46. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    47. <bean id="messageSource" >
    48. <beans>
    49.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    50. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    51. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    52. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    53. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    54. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    55. <bean id="messageSource" >
    56. <beans>
    57.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    58. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    59. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    60. </bean></bean>
    61. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    62. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    63. <bean id="messageSource" >
    64. <beans>
    65.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    66. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    67. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    68. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    69. </beans>.route("path_route", r -> r.path("/get")<beans>
    70. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    71. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    72. <bean id="messageSource" >
    73. <beans>
    74.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    75. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    76. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    77. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    78. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    79. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    80. <bean id="messageSource" >
    81. <beans>
    82.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    83. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    84. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    85. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    86. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    87. <bean id="messageSource" >
    88. <beans>
    89.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    90. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    91. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    92. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    93. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    94. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    95. <bean id="messageSource" >
    96. <beans>
    97.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    98. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    99. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    100. </bean></bean>
    101. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    102. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    103. <bean id="messageSource" >
    104. <beans>
    105.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    106. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    107. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    108. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    109. </beans><beans>
    110. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    111. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    112. <bean id="messageSource" >
    113. <beans>
    114.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    115. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    116. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    117. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    118. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    119. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    120. <bean id="messageSource" >
    121. <beans>
    122.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    123. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    124. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    125. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    126. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    127. <bean id="messageSource" >
    128. <beans>
    129.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    130. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    131. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    132. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    133. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    134. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    135. <bean id="messageSource" >
    136. <beans>
    137.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    138. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    139. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    140. </bean></bean>
    141. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    142. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    143. <bean id="messageSource" >
    144. <beans>
    145.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    146. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    147. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    148. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    149. </beans>  .uri("http://httpbin.org"))<beans>
    150. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    151. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    152. <bean id="messageSource" >
    153. <beans>
    154.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    155. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    156. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    157. </bean><bean id="userService" >
    158. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    159. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    160. <bean id="messageSource" >
    161. <beans>
    162.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    163. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    164. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    165. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    166. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    167. <bean id="messageSource" >
    168. <beans>
    169.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    170. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    171. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    172. </bean><property name="userRepository" ref="userRepository"/>
    173. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    174. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    175. <bean id="messageSource" >
    176. <beans>
    177.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    178. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    179. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    180. </bean></bean>
    181. <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    182. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    183. <bean id="messageSource" >
    184. <beans>
    185.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    186. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    187. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    188. </bean><bean id="userRepository" />
    189. </beans>.build();<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    190. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    191. <bean id="messageSource" >
    192. <beans>
    193.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    194. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    195. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    196. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  
  

2. 怎样在Spring Cloud中实现配置中心（Spring Cloud Config）？

• 答案：
  
  
  
  • 配置Spring Cloud Config服务器：
    1. import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.cloud.config.server.EnableConfigServer;@SpringBootApplication@EnableConfigServerpublic class ConfigServerApplication {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>public static void main(String[] args) {<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean><tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    16. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    17. <bean id="messageSource" >
    18. <beans>
    19.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    20. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    21. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    22. </bean>SpringApplication.run(ConfigServerApplication.class, args);<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    23. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    24. <bean id="messageSource" >
    25. <beans>
    26.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    27. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    28. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    29. </bean>}}

    复制代码
  • 客户端配置：
    1. spring:  cloud:<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    2. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    3. <bean id="messageSource" >
    4. <beans>
    5.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    6. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    7. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    8. </bean>config:<tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>
    9. <bean id="transactionManager" >
    10. <bean id="messageSource" >
    11. <beans>
    12.     <bean id="customBean"  init-method="init" destroy-method="destroy"/>
    13. </beans><property name="basename" value="messages"/>
    14. </bean><property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    15. </bean>  uri: http://localhost:8888

    复制代码
  
  

这些高级的Spring面试题涵盖了Spring框架在更复杂和高级场景下的应用，包括自定义扩展、分布式系统、性能优化、深度剖析以及微服务架构中的高级实践。在准备面试时，要深入理解这些知识点，结合本身的现实项目经验，能够对这些高级话题进行具体的阐述和现实操作演示，如允许以更好地展现本身在Spring框架方面的高级技能和开发经验。
最后

以上关于 Spring 的面试题，分为基础部分和高级部分，备战春招2025，盼望可以助你一臂之力，关注威哥爱编程，拿下春招就你行。

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