Imagine that you are preparing for a test on all capital cities in the world(given a country, you have to state the capital).If you used the most basic learning strategy, you would simply learn to match each country with its corresponding capital.Alternatively, you could look at pictures taken from these capitals, maybe watch short videos of people speaking the country’s language, visiting the capital sights and so on.
假设你在准备一场关于天下上所有首都的考试(给出一个国家，你必要说出它的首都)。假如使用最根本的学习策略，可能就只是学习把每个国家与它的首都对应起来。换另一种方法，你也可以欣赏这些首都的照片，观看说这些国家语言的人拍摄的短视频，参观首都的景点，等等。
Which strategy would be more effective?
哪种策略会更有效?
The first strategy would be called’shallow’ processing because you wouldnot be giving the information anyadditional meaning. You would bemaking only one connection betweenthe cues (countries) and the targetmemories (cities). The second strategywould be called ‘deep’ processing as youwould be drawing many connectionsbetween the capital, the country, itspeople and its sights, and so on.
第一种策略被称作“浅层"加工，因为你不会给信息赋予任何额外的意义，在线索(国家)与目的记忆(城市) 之间只建立了一个联系。 第二种策略被称作“深层"加工，因为你会在首都、国家、当地的人民和景观等等事物之间建立许多联系.
If you adopted the second strategy, you would be making use of the structure of your memory.Memory is believed to operate on the principle of spreading activation.If you encounter one concept (a country), the neural pathways representing this concept are activated in your brain.As a consequence, nearby neural pathways encoding closely related concepts are also actived.Images and ideas come to your mind.For instance, when someone says France, you may visualize the French flag, the Eiffel tower, French wine, cheese, etc. This process continues to further and further concepts until you start thinking about something else.
假如采取第二种策略，就会使用到记忆的结构。人们以为记忆的运转遵循激活扩散的原则。假如你碰到一个概念(一个国家)，大脑中代表这个概念的神经通路就会被激活，四周编码其他密切相干概念的神经通路也会被激活，然后图像和想法就会进入你的大脑。比方，当有人说法国时，你眼前可能浮现出法国国旗、埃菲尔铁塔、法国红酒、奶酪等等。这个过程会继续，不断延伸到更多想法，直到你开始想起其他事情。
If you previously connected theseimages with both France and Paris, thecue France will activate additionalrelated cues (Eiffel tower, wine, cheeseetc.) and together they will generatemore activation than France alone,which spreads to the connected memorytrace - Paris, Conversely, if you studiedthe France-Paris pairing superficially,seeing the word France might notgenerate suffcient activation on its ownto trigger the memory trace of Paris.
假如你之前把这些形象同时关联到法国和巴黎那么法国这个线索还会激活其他相干的线索(埃菲尔铁塔、红酒、奶酪等等)。 而它们共同作用，会产生比法国单独一个线索更多的激活，然后扩散到相联系的记忆痕迹–巴黎。相反，假如你只是表浅地学习了法国一巴黎这一对关系，仅仅看到法国这个词自己，大概就无法产生充足的激活来触发关于巴黎的记忆痕迹。
The main implication of spreading-activation is that in order to maximize the chances of remembering new concepts, you should try to make as many connections as possible between the new concepts and what you already know. If the target concept is connected to many other concepts, the chances of it getting activated(and retrieved) are generally much higher than if it only has few connections.
激活扩散的主要影响在于，为了最大可能地记住新概念，你应当尝试在新概念与已知事物之间建立尽可能多的联系。假如目的概念与其他许多概念都有联系，那么它被激活(并被检索到)的概率一般比只有很少几个联系的环境要大得多。
The more connections you make between the new concept and old cocepts, the more easily it will be to remember the new concept.
新旧概念之间的联系越多， 就越轻易记住新的概念。
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