DQL数据库查询语言
重点,DQL是我们每天都要接触编写最多也是最难的SQL,该语言用来查询记录,不会修改数据库和表结构。
构建数据库
创建一张student表:- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS student;
- CREATE TABLE student (
- id INT(10) PRIMARY KEY,
- `name` VARCHAR(10),
- age INT(10) NOT NULL,
- gender VARCHAR(2)
- );
复制代码 构建一张course表:- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS course;
- CREATE TABLE course(
- id INT(10) PRIMARY KEY,
- `name` VARCHAR(10),
- t_id INT(10)
- );
复制代码 构建一张teacher表:- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS teacher;
- CREATE TABLE teacher(
- id INT(10) PRIMARY KEY,
- `name` VARCHAR(10)
- );
复制代码 构建一个score表:- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS score;
- CREATE TABLE scores(
- s_id INT(10),
- score INT(10),
- c_id INT(10),
- PRIMARY KEY(s_id,c_id)
- );
复制代码 表格填充数据:- insert into student (id,name,age,gender)VALUES(1,'小明',19,'男'),(2,'小红',19,'男'),(3,'小刚',24,'男'),(4,'小龙',11,'男'),(5,'小丽',18,'男'),(6,'小军',18,'女'),(7,'小航',16,'男'),(8,'小亮',23,'男'),(9,'小杰',22,'女'),(10,'小虎',21,'男');
- insert into course (id,name,t_id)VALUES(1,'数学',1),(2,'语文',2),(3,'c++',3),(4,'java',4),(5,'php',null);
- insert into teacher (id,name)VALUES(1,'Tom'),(2,'Jerry'),(3,'Tony'),(4,'Jack'),(5,'Rose');
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(1,80,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(1,56,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(1,95,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(1,30,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(1,76,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(2,35,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(2,86,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(2,45,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(2,94,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(2,79,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(3,65,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(3,85,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(3,37,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(3,79,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(4,66,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(4,39,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(4,85,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(5,66,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(5,89,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(5,74,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(6,80,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(6,56,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(6,95,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(6,30,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(6,76,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(7,35,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(7,86,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(7,45,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(7,94,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(7,79,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(8,65,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(8,85,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(8,37,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(8,79,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(9,66,1);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(9,39,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(9,85,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(9,79,5);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(10,66,2);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(10,89,3);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(10,74,4);
- insert into scores (s_id,score,c_id)VALUES(10,79,5);
复制代码 单表查询
基本查询
基本语法
查询所有列:- select * from 表名;
- select * from student;
复制代码 查询指定的列:- select id,`name`,age,gender from student;
- select id,`name`,age from student;
复制代码补充:开发中,严禁使用select *。
如果表中有完全重复的记录只显示一次,在查询的列之前加上distinct。- select DISTINCT `name` from book;
复制代码 列运算
- select id,`name`,age/10 from student;
复制代码注意:我们写的所有的查询语句,最终执行的结果,都是生成一张虚拟表。
- select id,`name`,sal+1000 from employee;
复制代码注意:
- null值和任何值做计算都为null,需要用到函数ifnull()函数。select IFNULL(sal,0) + 1000 from employee;如果薪资是空,则为0。
- 将字符串做加减乘除运算,会把字符串当0处理。
别名
我们可以给列起【别名】,因为我们在查询过程中,列名很可能重复,可能名字不够简洁,或者列的名字不能满足我们的要求。- select id `编号`,`name` `姓名`,age `年龄`,gender `性别` from student;
- select id as `编号`,`name` as `姓名`,age as `年龄`,gender as `性别` from student;
复制代码 条件控制
条件查询:在后面添加where指定条件- select * from student where id = 3;
- select * from student where id in (1,3,5);
- select * from student where id > 2;
- select * from student where id BETWEEN 3 and 5;
- select * from student where id BETWEEN 6 and 7 or age > 20;
复制代码 模糊查询:我想查询所有姓张的。- select * from student where `name` like '张%';
- select * from student where `name` like '张_';
- select * from student where `name` like '%明%';
- select * from student where `name` like '_明_';
复制代码通配符:_下划线代表一个字符,%百分号代表任意个字符。
排序
- 升序
- select * from student ORDER BY age ASC;
- -- ASC是可以省略
复制代码 - 降序
- select * from student ORDER BY age DESC;
复制代码 - 使用多列作为排序条件:当第一个排序条件相同时,根据第二列排序条件进行排序(第二列如果还相同,.....)
- select * from student ORDER BY age asc,id desc;
复制代码
举例:
创建一张用户表,id,username,password。
几乎所有的表都会有两个字段,create_time,update_time。
几乎所有的查询都会按照update_time降序排列。
聚合函数
count
查询满足条件的记录行数,后边可以跟where条件。
如果满足条件的列值为空,不会进行统计。
如果我们要统计真实有效的记录数,最好不要用可以为空列。
- count(*)
- count(主键)(推荐)
- count(1)(不推荐)
- select count(列名) from 表名;
复制代码- select count(id) from student where gender='男';
复制代码 max
查询满足条件的记录中的最大值,后面可以跟where条件。- select max(age) from student where gender='女';
复制代码 min
查询满足条件的记录中的最小值,后面可以跟where条件。- select MIN(age) from student where gender='男';
复制代码 sum
查询满足条件的记录的和,后面可以跟where条件。- select sum(age) from student where gender='男';
复制代码 avg
查询满足条件的记录的平均数,后面可以跟where条件。- select avg(score) from scores where c_id = 3;
复制代码 分组查询
顾名思义:分组查询就是将原有数据进行分组统计。
举例:
将班级的同学按照性别分组,统计男生和女生的平均年龄。
- select 分组列名,聚合函数1,聚合函数2... from 表名 group by 该分组列名;
复制代码 分组要使用关键词group by,后面可以是一列,也可以是多个列,分组后查询的列只能是分组的列,或者是使用了聚合函数的其他的列,剩余列不能单独使用。- -- 根据性别分组,查看每一组的平均年龄和最大年龄
- select gender,avg(age),max(age) from student group by gender;
- -- 根据专业号分组,查看每一个专业的平均分
- select c_id,avg(score) from scores group by c_id;
复制代码 我们可以这样理解:一旦发生了分组,我们查询的结果只能是所有男生的年龄平均值、最大值,而不能是某一个男生的数据。
分组查询前,可以通过关键字【where】先把满足条件的人分出来,再分组。- select 分组列,聚合函数1... from 表名 where 条件 group by 分组列;
复制代码- select c_id,avg(score) from scores where c_id in (1,2,3) group by c_id;
复制代码 分组查询后,也可以通过关键字【having】把组信息中满足条件的组再细分出来。- select 分组列,聚合函数1... from 表名 where 条件 group by 分组列 having 聚合函数或列名(条件);
复制代码- select gender,avg(age),sum(age) `sum_age` from student GROUP BY gender HAVING `sum_age` > 50;
复制代码面试题:where和having的区别?
- where是写在group by之前的筛选,在分组前筛选;having是写在group by之后,分组后再筛选。
- where只能使用分组的列作为筛选条件;having既可以使用分组的列,也可以使用聚合函数列作为筛选条件。
分页查询
limit字句,用来限定查询结果的起始行,以及总行数。
limit是mysql独有的语法。- select * from student limit 4,3;
- select * from student limit 4;
复制代码
- 如果只有一个参数,说明从起始位置查找4条记录。
- 如果两个参数,说明从第4行下一行,向后查找3条记录。
面试题:
- MySQL:limit
- Oracle:rownum
- SqlServer:top
分析:
student表中有10条数据,如果每页显示4条,分几页?3页
3页怎么来的?(int)(Math.ceil(10 / 4));
显示第一页的数据:select * from student limit 0,4;
第二页:select * from student limit 4,4;
第三页:select * from student limit 8,4;
一个问题:我想要判断在student表中有没有叫"小红"的这个人?
1.0版本- select * from student where name = '小红';
- select id from student where name = '小红';
复制代码 2.0版本- select count(id) from student where name = '小红';
复制代码 3.0版本- select id from student where name = '小红' limit 1;
复制代码注意:Limit子句永远是在整个的sql语句的最后。
多表查询
笛卡尔积
- select * from student,teacher;
复制代码 如果两个表没有任何关联关系,我们也不会连接这两张表。
在一个select * from 表名1,表名2;,就会出现笛卡尔乘积,会生成一张虚拟表,这张虚拟表的数据就是表1和表2两张表数据的乘积。
注意:开发中,一定要避免出现笛卡尔积。
多表连接的方式有四种:
SQL92语法
1992年的语法。- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,通过多表连接查询,student和scores通过id和s_id连接
- SELECT
- stu.id 学号,
- stu.name 姓名,
- stu.age 年龄,
- sc.score 分数
- FROM
- student stu,
- scores sc
- WHERE
- stu.id = sc.s_id;
复制代码- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,科目名称,通过多表查询,student和scores,course
- SELECT
- stu.`id` 学号,
- stu.`name` 姓名,
- stu.`age` 年龄,
- sc.`score` 分数,
- c.`name` 科目
- FROM
- student stu,
- scores sc,
- course c
- WHERE
- stu.id = sc.s_id
- AND
- c.id = sc.c_id;
复制代码- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,科目名称,老师名称,通过多表查询,student和scores,course,teacher
- SELECT
- stu.`id` 学号,
- stu.`name` 姓名,
- stu.`age` 年龄,
- sc.`score` 分数,
- c.`name` 科目,
- t.`name` 老师
- FROM
- student stu,
- scores sc,
- course c,
- teacher t
- WHERE
- stu.id = sc.s_id
- AND
- c.id = sc.c_id
- AND
- c.t_id = t.id;
复制代码- -- 查询老师的信息以及对应教的课程
- SELECT
- t.id 教师号,
- t.NAME 教师姓名,
- c.NAME 科目名
- FROM
- teacher t,
- course c
- WHERE
- t.id = c.t_id;
复制代码SQL92语法,多表查询,如果有数据为null,会过滤掉。
- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,科目名称,通过多表查询,student和scores,course
- -- 在查询的基础上,进一步筛选,筛选小红和张小军的成绩
- SELECT
- stu.`id` 学号,
- stu.`name` 姓名,
- stu.`age` 年龄,
- sc.`score` 分数,
- c.`name` 科目
- FROM
- student stu,
- scores sc,
- course c
- WHERE
- stu.id = sc.s_id
- AND
- c.id = sc.c_id
- AND
- stu.`name` in ('小红','张小军');
复制代码- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,科目名称,通过多表查询,student和scores,course
- -- 在查询的基础上,进一步筛选,筛选小红和张小军的成绩
- -- 在小红和张小军成绩的基础上进一步再筛选,筛选他们的java成绩
- SELECT
- stu.`id` 学号,
- stu.`name` 姓名,
- stu.`age` 年龄,
- sc.`score` 分数,
- c.`name` 科目
- FROM
- student stu,
- scores sc,
- course c
- WHERE
- stu.id = sc.s_id
- AND
- c.id = sc.c_id
- AND
- stu.`name` in ('小红','张小军')
- AND
- c.`name` = 'java';
复制代码- -- 查询学号,姓名,年龄,分数,科目名称,通过多表查询,student和scores,course
- -- 找出最低分和最高分,按照科目分组,每一科
- SELECT
- sc.c_id,
- max( score ),
- min( score ),
- c.`name`
- FROM
- scores sc,
- course c
- WHERE
- sc.c_id = c.id
- GROUP BY
- sc.c_id;
复制代码 SQL99语法
1999年的语法。
内连接
在我们刚才的sql当中,使用逗号分隔两张表进行查询,mysql进行优化默认就等效于内连接。
使用【join】关键字,使用【on】来确定连接条件。【where】只做筛选条件。- SELECT
- t.*,
- c.* ,
- sc.*
- FROM
- teacher t
- INNER JOIN course c ON c.t_id = t.id
- INNER JOIN scores sc ON sc.c_id = c.id;
复制代码 外连接(常用)
内连接和外连接的区别:
- 对于【内连接】的两个表,如果【驱动表】在【被驱动表】找不到与之匹配的记录,则最终的记录不会出现在结果集中。
- 对于【外连接】中的两个表,即使【驱动表】中的记录在【被驱动表】中找不到与之匹配的记录,也要将该记录加入到最后的结果集中。针对不同的【驱动表】的位置,有分为【左外连接】和【右外连接】。
- 对于左连接,左边的表为主,左边的表的记录会完整的出现在结果集里。
- 对于右连接,右边的表为主,左边的表的记录会完整的出现在结果集里。
外连接的关键字【outter join】,也可以省略outter,连接条件同样使用【on】关键字。
左连接
- SELECT
- t.*,
- c.*
- FROM
- teacher t
- LEFT JOIN course c ON t.id = c.t_id;
复制代码 右连接
- SELECT
- t.*,
- c.*
- FROM
- course c
- RIGHT JOIN teacher t ON t.id = c.t_id;
复制代码 全连接
mysql不支持全连接。oracle支持全连接。- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- teacher t
- FULL JOIN course c ON c.t_id = t.id;
复制代码 我们可以通过一些手段来实现全连接的效果- SELECT
- t.*,
- c.*
- FROM
- teacher t
- LEFT JOIN course c ON t.id = c.t_id
- UNION
- SELECT
- t.*,
- c.*
- FROM
- teacher t
- RIGHT JOIN course c ON t.id = c.t_id
复制代码 需求1
- -- 1.查询'01'号学生的姓名和各科成绩 **
- SELECT
- s.id sid,
- s.`name` sname,
- c.`name` cname,
- sc.score
- FROM
- student s
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON s.id = sc.s_id
- LEFT JOIN course c ON c.id = sc.c_id
- WHERE
- s.id = 1;
- -- 2.查询各个学科的平均成绩和最高成绩**
- SELECT
- c.id,
- c.`name`,
- AVG( sc.score ),
- max( sc.score )
- FROM
- course c
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON c.id = sc.c_id
- GROUP BY
- c.id,
- c.`name`;
- -- 3.查询每个同学的最高成绩和科目名称****
- SELECT
- t.id,
- t.NAME,
- c.id,
- c.NAME,
- r.score
- FROM
- (
- SELECT
- s.id,
- s.NAME,(
- SELECT
- max( score )
- FROM
- scores r
- WHERE
- r.s_id = s.id
- ) score
- FROM
- student s
- ) t
- LEFT JOIN scores r ON r.s_id = t.id
- AND r.score = t.score
- LEFT JOIN course c ON r.c_id = c.id;
- -- 4.查询所有姓张的同学的各科成绩**
- SELECT
- s.id,
- s.`name`,
- c.`name` cname,
- sc.score
- FROM
- SELECT
- s.id,
- s.`name`,
- c.`name` cname,
- sc.score
- FROM
- student s
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON sc.s_id = s.id
- LEFT JOIN course c ON c.id = sc.c_id
- WHERE
- s.`name` LIKE '张%';
- -- 5.查询每个课程的最高分的学生信息*****
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- student s
- WHERE
- id IN (
- SELECT DISTINCT
- r.s_id
- FROM
- (
- SELECT
- c.id,
- c.NAME,
- max( score ) score
- FROM
- student s
- LEFT JOIN scores r ON r.s_id = s.id
- LEFT JOIN course c ON c.id = r.c_id
- GROUP BY
- c.id,
- c.NAME
- ) t
- LEFT JOIN scores r ON r.c_id = t.id
- AND t.score = r.score
- )
复制代码 需求2
- -- 6.查询名字中含有'张'或'李'字的学生的信息和各科成绩。
- SELECT
- s.id,
- s.NAME sname,
- sc.score,
- c.NAME
- FROM
- student s
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON s.id = sc.s_id
- LEFT JOIN course c ON sc.c_id = c.id
- WHERE
- s.NAME LIKE '%张%'
- OR s.NAME LIKE '%李%';
- -- 7.查询平均成绩及格的同学的信息。(子查询)
- SELECT
- *
- FROM
- student
- WHERE
- id IN (
- SELECT
- sc.s_id
- FROM
- scores sc
- GROUP BY
- sc.s_id
- HAVING
- avg( sc.score ) >= 70
- )
- -- 8.将学生按照总分数进行排名。(从高到低)
- SELECT
- s.id,
- s.NAME,
- sum( sc.score ) score
- FROM
- student s
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON s.id = sc.s_id
- GROUP BY
- s.id,
- s.NAME
- ORDER BY
- score DESC,
- s.id ASC;
- -- 9.查询数学成绩的最高分、最低分、平均分。
- SELECT
- c.NAME,
- max( sc.score ),
- min( sc.score ),
- avg( sc.score )
- FROM
- course c
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON c.id = sc.c_id
- WHERE
- c.NAME = '数学';
- -- 10.将各科目按照平均分排序。
- SELECT
- c.id,
- c.NAME,
- avg( sc.score ) score
- FROM
- course c
- LEFT JOIN scores sc ON c.id = sc.c_id
- GROUP BY
- c.id,
- c.NAME
- ORDER BY
- score DESC;
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