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Detailed Explanation for the Required B2B Credits on an FC port
An FC port can send a frame as long as it has at least one remaining-Tx-B2B-credit. Hence, to keep sending frames at full capacity, it must have enough Tx B2B credits for a round trip on the link, which includes the following events: 只要 FC 端口至少有一个剩余的 Tx-B2B 信元，它就能发送帧。因此，要保持满负荷发送帧，它必须有足够的 Tx B2B 信元在链路上往返一次，此中包括以下事件：
A Frame is completely transmitted on a link including serialization. 帧在链路上完整传输，包括序列化。
The frame reaches the receiver from the sender. 帧从发送端到达接收端。
The receiver processes the frame. 接收器处置惩罚帧。
The receiver transmits an R_RDY. 接收器发送 R_RDY。
The R_RDY arrives back at the sender. R_RDY 返回发送端。
During this time, the remaining-Tx-B2B-credits must not fall to zero. Table 2-2 provides the number of B2B credits required to maintain full utilization on a link. As mentioned, the rest of this section provides a detailed explanation of how the values in Table 2-2 are calculated, which is a good academic exercise. You can skip the details without missing any practical significance. 在此期间，剩余的 Tx-B2B 信元不得降为零。表 2-2 提供了保持链路充实利用所需的 B2B 信元。如前所述，本节别的部分将具体表明表 2-2 中数值的盘算方法，这是一个很好的学术练习。您可以跳过这些细节，而不会失去任何现实意义。
Before transmitting data on optical media such as single-mode and multi-mode fiber cables, the sender port transceiver (E.g.,: SFP) converts the electrical signals into optical signals. These signals travel 200,000 km in one second within a fiber cable and 300,000 km/s in vacuum. 在单模和多模光缆等光学介质上传输数据之前，发送端口收发器（如：SFP）会将电信号转换为光信号。这些信号在光缆中每秒可传输 20 万公里，在真空中每秒可传输 30 万公里。
After changing the units from km/s to m/ns, the speed of light is 0.2 m/ns in fiber cable. This means that a signal can reach 0.2 m in one nanosecond, or 1 m in 5 ns. 将单位从千米/秒改为米/秒后，光速在光缆中为 0.2 米/秒。这意味着信号可以在 1 纳秒内达到 0.2 米，或在 5 毫微秒内达到 1 米。
This is the speed of an optical signal. But data transmission is measured in bits. That leads to the next question—what’s carried within a signal? If one bit is carried by a signal, the signaling rate is the same as the bit rate. However, if two bits are carried by a signal, the bit rate is double the signaling rate. 这就是光信号的速度。但数据传输是以比特为单位的。这就引出了下一个题目--信号中携带的是什么？如果一个信号只传输一个比特，则信号传输速率与比特传输速率雷同。但是，如果一个信号携带两个比特，比特率就是信令率的两倍。
The relationship between the signaling rate and bit rate is explained by baud rate, which is meas
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