1. 主从原理
1.1 主从介绍
所谓 mysql 主从就是建立两个完全一样的数据库,其中一个为主要使用的数据库,另一个为次要的数据库,一般在企业中,存放比较重要的数据的数据库服务器需要配置主从,这样可以防止因数据库服务器宕机导致数据丢失,还能保证业务量太多、数据太多和访问人数太多时服务的质量(服务器响应速度),还能提供故障切换、读写分离、和备份等等功能
1.2 主从作用
- 实时灾备,用于故障切换
- 读写分离,提供查询服务
- 备份,避免影响业务
1.3 主从形式

一主一从
主主复制:当作备份使用,当主服务器出现故障时,另一个主服务器会自动顶上。
一主多从:用来实现读写分离,当写操作较少时,读操作较多时使用,主服务器用来实现写操作,从服务器用来实现读操作。
多主一从:用来实现读写分离,当写操作较多时,读操作较少时使用,主服务器用来实现写操作,从服务器用来实现读操作。5.7 开始支持
联级复制:是指从主场地复制过来的又从该场地再次复制到其他场地,即 A 场地把数据复制到 B 场地,B 场地又把这些数据或其中部分数据再复制到其他场地。
1.4 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤:
- 主库将所有的写操作记录到 binlog 日志中并生成一个 log dump 线程,将 binlog 日志传给从库的 I/O 线程
- 从库生成两个线程,一个 I/O 线程,一个 SQL 线程
- I/O 线程去请求主库的 binlog,并将得到的 binlog 日志写到 relay log(中继日志) 文件中
- SQL 线程,会读取 relay log 文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的
2. 主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤:
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
- 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)
需求:
搭建两台 MySQL 服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作
环境说明:- 数据库角色 IP 应用与系统版本 有无数据
- 主数据库 192.168.23.4 Centos7.8 mysql-5.7 有数据
- 从数据库 192.168.23.5 Centos7.8 mysql-5.7 无数据
复制代码 2.1Mysql安装
注意:需把安装包分别上传到两台服务器上分别执行下列命令进行安装- [root@localhost soft]# yum remove mysql-libs
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -qa | grep mariadb
复制代码 进行安装
将下载好的mysql-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar上传- 安装相应软件
- [root@localhost soft]# yum install -y openssl-devel.x86_64 openssl.x86_64 yum install -y libaio.x86_64 libaio-devel.x86_64 yum install -y perl.x86_64 perl-devel.x86_64 yum install -y perl-JSON.noarch yum install -y autoconf yum install -y wget yum install -y net-tools
- 关闭防火墙
- [root@localhost soft]# systemctl stop firewalld
- [root@localhost soft]# systemctl disable firewalld
- 解压软件包:
- [root@localhost soft]# tar -xvf mysql-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar
复制代码 - [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhostsoft]#rpm -ivh mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-devel-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- [root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-test-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
- 查看安装版本:
- [root@localhost soft]# mysql -V
复制代码
编辑配置文件
vim /etc/my.cnf
#跳过登录验证 无需密码即可登录mysql
skip-grant-tables
# 设置默认字符集UTF-8
character_set_server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
# 设置默认字符集UTF-8
init_connect='SET NAMES utf8'
# 设置数据库日志过期天数为14天
server_id=1
expire_logs_days=14
[client]
default-character-set=utf8- ##添加
- skip-grant-tables
- character_set_server=utf8
- collation-server=utf8_general_ci
- init_connect='SET NAMES utf8'
- server_id=1
- expire_logs_days=14
- [client]
- default-character-set=utf8
复制代码 - 启动mysql
- [root@localhost soft]# systemctl start mysqld.service
- [root@localhost soft]# systemctl status mysqld
复制代码 - 获取mysql的root用户的初始密码
- [root@localhost soft]# grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log
复制代码 - 以获取mysql的root用户的初始密码登录数据库
- [root@localhost soft]# mysql -u root -pAcqWlI64o:kG
复制代码 - 修改root密码
- mysql> flush privileges;
- mysql> set password for root@localhost=password('123456');
- 使密码即时生效
- mysql> flush privileges;
- 允许以root身份远程登录mysql
- mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' identified by "123456";
- mysql> flush privileges;
复制代码 2.2 mysql 主从配置
2.2.1 确保从数据库于主数据库的数据一样
为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中- //主库为master
- [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname master
- [root@localhost ~]# bash
- [root@master ~]#
复制代码 - //从库为slave
- [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname slave
- [root@localhost ~]# bash
- [root@slave ~]#
复制代码 - //先查看主库有哪些库
- [root@master soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e‘show databases;'
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | test |
- +--------------------+
- //在查看从库
- [root@slave soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e‘show databases;'
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- +--------------------+
复制代码 //全备主库 //全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致- mysql> flush tables with read lock;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- //此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
复制代码- //备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
- [root@master soft]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > /opt/acc-2022.sql;
- mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- [root@master ~]# ls /opt/
复制代码 - [root@master soft]# scp /opt/acc-2022.sql root@192.168.23.5:/opt/
复制代码 - //解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可
- mysql> quit
- Bye
- [root@master ~]#
- //在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
- [root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /opt/acc-2022.sql
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- [root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e'show databases';
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | test |
- +--------------------+
- [root@slave ~]#
复制代码
2.2.3 配置主数据库
- [root@master soft]# vim /etc/my.cnf
- //在[mysql]这段后面添加
- datadir=/var/lib/mysql
- socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- log-bin=mysql-bin //添加 启用binlog日志
- server-id=1 //添加 数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的小
- # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0
- log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
- pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
复制代码 - //重启数主库的mysql服务
- [root@master soft]# systemctl restart mysqld
- [root@master soft]# ss -anlt
- State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
- LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
- LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
- LISTEN 0 80 [::]:3306 [::]:*
- [root@master soft]#
- //查看主库状态
- [root@master soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 2
- Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> show master status;
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
- | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
- | mysql-bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
- +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
- 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
复制代码
2.2.4 配置从数据库
- [root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
- //在[mysql]这段后面添加
- datadir=/var/lib/mysql
- socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
- server-id=2 //添加 从库的server-id比主库的大
- relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //添加
- # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
- symbolic-links=0
- log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
- pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
复制代码 - //重启mysql服务
- [root@slave ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
- [root@slave ~]# ss -anlt
- State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
- LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
- LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
- LISTEN 0 80 [::]:3306 [::]:*
- [root@slave ~]#
- //配置并启动主从复制
- [root@slave ~]# mysql -u root -p123456
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 2
- Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> change master to
- -> master_host='192.168.23.4',
- -> master_user='hqd',
- -> master_password='123456',
- -> master_log_file='mysql-bin.000001',
- -> master_log_pos=154;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec)
- mysql> start slave;
- Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
- //查看服务器状态
- mysql> show slave status \G
- *************************** 1. row ***************************
- Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
- Master_Host: 192.168.23.4
- Master_User: hqd
- Master_Port: 3306
- Connect_Retry: 60
- Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
- Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
- Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000004
- Relay_Log_Pos: 367
- Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
- Slave_IO_Running: Yes
- Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
- Replicate_Do_DB:
- Replicate_Ignore_DB:
复制代码
3 测试验证
- 在主服务器创建‘hqd’名称的库 查看从服务器是否同步
- mysql> create database hqd;
- Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
- mysql> show databases;
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | hqd |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | test |
- +--------------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
复制代码 - 在从数据库中查看数据是否同步
- [root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
- mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
- Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
- Your MySQL connection id is 5
- Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
- Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
- affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
- owners.
- Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
- mysql> show databases;
- +--------------------+
- | Database |
- +--------------------+
- | information_schema |
- | hqd |
- | mysql |
- | performance_schema |
- | sys |
- | test |
- +--------------------+
- 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- mysql>
复制代码
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