Rust 中的 HashMap 实战指南:理解与优化技巧
在 Rust 编程中,HashMap 是一个强大的键值对数据布局,广泛应用于数据统计、信息存储等场景。在本文中,我们将通过三个实际的代码示例,详细讲解 HashMap 的根本用法以及如安在真实项目中充分利用它。别的,我们还将探讨 Rust 的所有权体系对 HashMap 的影响,并分享避免常见陷阱的技巧。
本文通过三个 Rust 实战例子,展示了 HashMap 的根本用法及其在实际场景中的应用。我们将从简单的水果篮子示例出发,逐步演示如何利用 HashMap 存储和处置惩罚不同数据,并通过添加测试用例来确保代码的正确性。别的,我们还会深入探讨 Rust 所有权体系对 HashMap 利用的影响,尤其是如何避免所有权转移的问题。
实操
示例一:利用 HashMap 存储水果篮子
- // hashmaps1.rs
- //
- // A basket of fruits in the form of a hash map needs to be defined. The key
- // represents the name of the fruit and the value represents how many of that
- // particular fruit is in the basket. You have to put at least three different
- // types of fruits (e.g apple, banana, mango) in the basket and the total count
- // of all the fruits should be at least five.
- //
- // Make me compile and pass the tests!
- //
- // Execute `rustlings hint hashmaps1` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a
- // hint.
- use std::collections::HashMap;
- fn fruit_basket() -> HashMap<String, u32> {
- let mut basket = HashMap::new(); // TODO: declare your hash map here.
- // Two bananas are already given for you :)
- basket.insert(String::from("banana"), 2);
- // TODO: Put more fruits in your basket here.
- basket.insert(String::from("apple"), 3);
- basket.insert(String::from("mango"), 4);
- basket.insert(String::from("orange"), 5);
- basket
- }
- #[cfg(test)]
- mod tests {
- use super::*;
- #[test]
- fn at_least_three_types_of_fruits() {
- let basket = fruit_basket();
- assert!(basket.len() >= 3);
- }
- #[test]
- fn at_least_five_fruits() {
- let basket = fruit_basket();
- assert!(basket.values().sum::<u32>() >= 5);
- }
- }
复制代码 在 本例中,我们构建了一个水果篮子,并通过 HashMap 来存储水果种类及其数量。
通过测试,我们验证了篮子中至少有三种水果,而且总数超过五个。
示例二:不重复添加水果
- // hashmaps2.rs
- //
- // We're collecting different fruits to bake a delicious fruit cake. For this,
- // we have a basket, which we'll represent in the form of a hash map. The key
- // represents the name of each fruit we collect and the value represents how
- // many of that particular fruit we have collected. Three types of fruits -
- // Apple (4), Mango (2) and Lychee (5) are already in the basket hash map. You
- // must add fruit to the basket so that there is at least one of each kind and
- // more than 11 in total - we have a lot of mouths to feed. You are not allowed
- // to insert any more of these fruits!
- //
- // Make me pass the tests!
- //
- // Execute `rustlings hint hashmaps2` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a
- // hint.
- use std::collections::HashMap;
- #[derive(Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
- enum Fruit {
- Apple,
- Banana,
- Mango,
- Lychee,
- Pineapple,
- }
- fn fruit_basket(basket: &mut HashMap<Fruit, u32>) {
- let fruit_kinds = vec![
- Fruit::Apple,
- Fruit::Banana,
- Fruit::Mango,
- Fruit::Lychee,
- Fruit::Pineapple,
- ];
- for fruit in fruit_kinds {
- // TODO: Insert new fruits if they are not already present in the
- // basket. Note that you are not allowed to put any type of fruit that's
- // already present!
- *basket.entry(fruit).or_insert(1);
- // 如果水果不在篮子中,则插入数量为1的该水果
- // if !basket.contains_key(&fruit) {
- // basket.insert(fruit, 1);
- // }
- }
- }
- #[cfg(test)]
- mod tests {
- use super::*;
- // Don't modify this function!
- fn get_fruit_basket() -> HashMap<Fruit, u32> {
- let mut basket = HashMap::<Fruit, u32>::new();
- basket.insert(Fruit::Apple, 4);
- basket.insert(Fruit::Mango, 2);
- basket.insert(Fruit::Lychee, 5);
- basket
- }
- #[test]
- fn test_given_fruits_are_not_modified() {
- let mut basket = get_fruit_basket();
- fruit_basket(&mut basket);
- assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Apple).unwrap(), 4);
- assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Mango).unwrap(), 2);
- assert_eq!(*basket.get(&Fruit::Lychee).unwrap(), 5);
- }
- #[test]
- fn at_least_five_types_of_fruits() {
- let mut basket = get_fruit_basket();
- fruit_basket(&mut basket);
- let count_fruit_kinds = basket.len();
- assert!(count_fruit_kinds >= 5);
- }
- #[test]
- fn greater_than_eleven_fruits() {
- let mut basket = get_fruit_basket();
- fruit_basket(&mut basket);
- let count = basket.values().sum::<u32>();
- assert!(count > 11);
- }
- #[test]
- fn all_fruit_types_in_basket() {
- let mut basket = get_fruit_basket();
- fruit_basket(&mut basket);
- for amount in basket.values() {
- assert_ne!(amount, &0);
- }
- }
- }
复制代码 在上面的示例代码中,我们通过 HashMap 存储多个水果,但避免重复添加已有的水果种类。
测试用例验证了我们不会修改已存在的水果,并确保总数超过 11 个。
示例三:记录角逐比分
- // hashmaps3.rs
- //
- // A list of scores (one per line) of a soccer match is given. Each line is of
- // the form : "<team_1_name>,<team_2_name>,<team_1_goals>,<team_2_goals>"
- // Example: England,France,4,2 (England scored 4 goals, France 2).
- //
- // You have to build a scores table containing the name of the team, goals the
- // team scored, and goals the team conceded. One approach to build the scores
- // table is to use a Hashmap. The solution is partially written to use a
- // Hashmap, complete it to pass the test.
- //
- // Make me pass the tests!
- //
- // Execute `rustlings hint hashmaps3` or use the `hint` watch subcommand for a
- // hint.
- use std::collections::HashMap;
- // A structure to store the goal details of a team.
- struct Team {
- goals_scored: u8,
- goals_conceded: u8,
- }
- fn build_scores_table(results: String) -> HashMap<String, Team> {
- // The name of the team is the key and its associated struct is the value.
- let mut scores: HashMap<String, Team> = HashMap::new();
- for r in results.lines() {
- let v: Vec<&str> = r.split(',').collect();
- let team_1_name = v[0].to_string();
- let team_1_score: u8 = v[2].parse().unwrap();
- let team_2_name = v[1].to_string();
- let team_2_score: u8 = v[3].parse().unwrap();
- // TODO: Populate the scores table with details extracted from the
- // current line. Keep in mind that goals scored by team_1
- // will be the number of goals conceded from team_2, and similarly
- // goals scored by team_2 will be the number of goals conceded by
- // team_1.
- // 更新 team_1 的数据
- let team_1 = scores.entry(team_1_name.clone()).or_insert(Team {
- goals_scored: 0,
- goals_conceded: 0,
- });
- team_1.goals_scored += team_1_score;
- team_1.goals_conceded += team_2_score;
- // 更新 team_2 的数据
- let team_2 = scores.entry(team_2_name.clone()).or_insert(Team {
- goals_scored: 0,
- goals_conceded: 0,
- });
- team_2.goals_scored += team_2_score;
- team_2.goals_conceded += team_1_score;
- }
- scores
- }
- #[cfg(test)]
- mod tests {
- use super::*;
- fn get_results() -> String {
- let results = "".to_string()
- + "England,France,4,2\n"
- + "France,Italy,3,1\n"
- + "Poland,Spain,2,0\n"
- + "Germany,England,2,1\n";
- results
- }
- #[test]
- fn build_scores() {
- let scores = build_scores_table(get_results());
- let mut keys: Vec<&String> = scores.keys().collect();
- keys.sort();
- assert_eq!(
- keys,
- vec!["England", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Poland", "Spain"]
- );
- }
- #[test]
- fn validate_team_score_1() {
- let scores = build_scores_table(get_results());
- let team = scores.get("England").unwrap();
- assert_eq!(team.goals_scored, 5);
- assert_eq!(team.goals_conceded, 4);
- }
- #[test]
- fn validate_team_score_2() {
- let scores = build_scores_table(get_results());
- let team = scores.get("Spain").unwrap();
- assert_eq!(team.goals_scored, 0);
- assert_eq!(team.goals_conceded, 2);
- }
- }
复制代码 本示例展示了 HashMap 在复杂场景中的应用,如记录足球角逐的比分。我们通过 HashMap 将每支球队的得分和失分举行统计。并通过测试来验证比分记录是否正确。
思考
1. 为什么要用 team_1_name.clone()?
在 Rust 中,String 是一个拥有所有权的类型,意味着它的值在默认情况下会被移动,而不是复制。如果你直接利用 team_1_name 作为 HashMap 的键,那么当你调用 entry(team_1_name) 时,team_1_name 的所有权会被移动到 entry() 函数中。
之后,如果你还想利用 team_1_name,就无法访问它了,因为所有权已经被移动了。这时你需要通过 clone() 创建一个新的副本(浅拷贝),如许你可以保留原始的 String。
利用 .clone() 的目标是避免所有权转移而导致变量不可用。
示例:- let team_1_name = "England".to_string();
- // 所有权被移动给 entry(),你不能再访问 team_1_name
- scores.entry(team_1_name);
- // 如果你还想用 team_1_name,就要使用 clone():
- scores.entry(team_1_name.clone());
复制代码 如果 team_1_name 是一个 &str(即字符串切片,通常是不可变引用),那么你就不需要 clone(),因为引用类型不涉及所有权的移动问题。
2. 为什么不消布局体直接初始化,而是用累加的方式?
在每场角逐的过程中,某个队伍可能会多次出现,比方:
- 角逐1:England 对 France
- 角逐2:Germany 对 England
我们需要在 HashMap 中更新每个队伍的进球和失球信息,而不是每次都覆盖已有数据。因此,我们不能每次都用新的布局体初始化,而是要先检查该队伍是否已经在 HashMap 中存在,然后累加其数据。
这里用的是 entry() 方法,它的作用是:
- 如果 team_1_name 还没有在 HashMap 中出现,就插入一个新的 Team 布局体,并初始化进球和失球为 0。
- 如果 team_1_name 已经在 HashMap 中了,那么直接获取它对应的 Team 布局体,并更新其 goals_scored 和 goals_conceded 字段。
通过这种方式,每次碰到相同队伍时,不会重新初始化,而是将新的进球和失球数累加到已有数据中。- let team_1 = scores.entry(team_1_name.clone()).or_insert(Team {
- goals_scored: 0,
- goals_conceded: 0,
- });
- // 累加进球和失球
- team_1.goals_scored += team_1_score;
- team_1.goals_conceded += team_2_score;
复制代码 如许就能保证每个队伍的分数在不同角逐中是累积的,而不是被覆盖掉。
思考总结
- team_1_name.clone() 是为了避免移动所有权导致变量不可用。
- 累加进球数和失球数 是因为一个队伍可能会出现在多场角逐中,不能每次都重新初始化数据,而是要在已有的底子上举行更新。
这两者结合起来,能确保正确跟踪每个队伍的进球和失球情况。
总结
通过这三个 HashMap 的实战示例,我们不光把握了如何高效地利用 HashMap 存储和操纵数据,还深入理解了 Rust 的所有权与借用规则在实际开发中的应用。Rust 强调所有权的管理,尤其是在处置惩罚复杂数据布局如 HashMap 时,正确掌控所有权的转移和数据的引用关系至关重要,这不光能够提高代码的效率,还能保障程序的安全性和稳固性。
这些实践展示了 HashMap 在解决实际问题中的强大能力,尤其在需要频繁查找、插入和更新数据的场景中。纯熟把握 HashMap 的利用技巧,将极大提升我们在 Rust 开发中的数据管理效率与程序性能。
参考
免责声明:如果侵犯了您的权益,请联系站长,我们会及时删除侵权内容,谢谢合作!更多信息从访问主页:qidao123.com:ToB企服之家,中国第一个企服评测及商务社交产业平台。 |